GKv`k el cö_g msl v ˆR ô-avlvp 1421, Ryb 2014

Transcription

1 ISSN GKv`k el cö_g msl v ˆR ô-avlvp 1421, Ryb 2014

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3 Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg GKv`k el cö_g msl v ˆR ô-avlvp 1421, Ryb 2014

4 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx GKkbGBW evsjv `k -Gi mn hvwmzvq ev dw -Gi cökvkbv m úv`kxq cwil` Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg m`m ggzvr Rvnvb Lv `Kvi jyrdzj Lv j` gwreyi ingvb cö Q` Aveyj gbmyi

5 Publication Information Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by- Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with Action Aid Bangladesh. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are Collected by BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with Action Aid Bangladesh. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is ( ). Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both are posted on the website: Bangladesh Shikhsha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-11, number-1, June, 2014 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development. (BAFED) 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka Phone: , bafed93@yahoo.com, Website: Printed by Arka, 3/1, Block: F, Lalmatia, Dhaka Phone: Price Tk US$ 5.00

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7 m úv`kxq evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkx ckö vkbvi GK `kk cy~ n jv Ges bzbz Av ik `kk hvîv ïiæ n jv G msl v _ K bvbv PovB DZivB cvi n q GUv m e n q Q bzbz I ceö xy wkÿvwelqk M elk `i wbišií mn hvwmzv, BD b v, AvBBwW, GKkbGBW cfö w Z Dbqœ b-mn hvmx `i mn hvwmzvi d j Avgv `i ` k wkÿv wel q cöpzi mwgbvi, wm úwrqvg, mfv, Mvj Uwej ˆeVK n ji, Ges A bk ÿ Î GKB wel q bvbv cökí MÖnY Kiv n ji wkÿv-welqk GKwU M elyv cwîkv Ae vnzfv e cökvk Kiv h KZ `yiƒn Zv cöz ÿ AwfÁZvi gva g evsv hvq Zey Avgv `i mšfvm h, Avgiv bvbv e w³z I cöwzôv bi mvnvh c qwq e j Avgv `i hvîvc_ GZ`~i cömvwiz n Z c i Q GRb msw øó mkj K RvbvB K ZÁZv I ab ev` evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkx GKv`k el cö_g msl vq `ywu cöe Ü evsjv fvlvq D P wkÿvi eb I gyw³hy i PZbvq kxl K `ywu cöeü Dc vwcz n q Q evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi ci ci evsjv fvlvq D P wkÿv Í i evsjv fvlvi bvbv Ávb-weÁv bi eb qi Afve cöejfv e Abyf Z nq ^vaxbzv c~e Kv j K `ªxq evsjv Dbœqb evw G KvR ïiæ K i, ciez xkv j evsjv GKv Wwg D P Í ii Rb cvv cȳ ÍK cöyq bi KvR ïiæ K i ^vaxbzvi ci ci D P wkÿv Í i evsjvfvlvq cvv cȳ ÍK cöyq bi ÿ Î cwifvlv cöyq bi Ach vßzvi K_v A b K ej Z _v Kb m mgq bzzb iv óªi Rb gvz fvlvq D P wkÿv Í ii Rb Dchy³ evsjvfvlvq cvv cȳ ÍK ipbvi D ` vm Abyf Z nq evsjv fvlvq GLb cwifvlvi Rb A cÿv Kivi cö qvrb bb, cöpzi cwifvlv m wó n q Q, ebi A bk iwpz n q Q wkš ˆewk KZvi ay qv Zz j D P wkÿv Í i wkÿv_ x `i Bs iwr fvlvgylx Kivi GK ai bi nxbgb Zvi m wó n q Q G nxbgb Zv _ K Avgv `i ewi q Avwm Z n e Ab w` K Avgv `i wkÿve e vq I cvv cȳ Ív K gyw³hy i PZbv cöwzfvwmz niqvi iæz wel q Avgv `i RvMiæK _vk Z n e Avgv `i wkÿvq cövk-cöv_wgk Íi _ K D P wkÿv Íi ch ší me Î GKxf Z wkÿvi cö qvrb w`b w`b e w cv Q GKxf Z wkÿv wel q Avgv `i ` k BwZg a hzuzkz cö Póv cwijwÿz n Q Zv G Kev i Kg bq G cöqvm Avgv `i Ae vnz ivl Z n e MYcÖRvZš x evsjv ` ki wkÿv gš Yvjq h wkÿv AvBb cöez b Ki Z hv Q Zv P ovší Kivi Av M bvbv mycvwik I cö Ívebv G m Q Zb a GKxf Z wkÿv wel qi we klá ch v qi bvbv mycvwik G m Q Avgv `i cöz vkv mikv ii mswkøó gnj G jv hb h_vh_ we epbvq Av bb D jøl h evsjv `k wkÿv mgwqkx Z cökvwkz jlv jv Z hme gzvgz cökvwkz n q Q Zv jlk `i wbr ^ evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkxi wøzxq `k Ki hvîv ïf nvk Avgiv G Kvgbv Kwi, cö Z K wkÿv-m elk I wkÿvfveyki G Kvgbv Ki eb e j Avgv `i cöz vkv

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9 m~wp evsjv fvlvq D P wkÿvi eb myeªz eo qv gyw³hy i PZbvq wkÿv gvneyeyj nk cö ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBb 2013 Ges GKxf Z wkÿvt GKwU we kølyag x ch v jvpbv I mycvwik gvnv ` ZvwiK Avnmvb BKevj nv mb gvt Avey eki wmwïk evsjv ` ki gva wgk we` vj qi cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ x `i KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbZv wekv ki my hvm gvt LvBiæj Bmjvg D gȳ Ívix wzw_ cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Í i GKxf~Z wkÿvi iæz, m vebv I cö Ívebv dv Zgv ZvR Rvniv gvnv ` ZvwiK Avnmvb 50-59

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11 evsjv fvlvq D Pwkÿvi eb * myeªz eo qv GI nq Zv GKUv iiqv R cwiyz n q Q h, cöwz eqi deªæqvwi gvm G jb LuvR c o evsjv fvlvi nvj-nwkkz Rvbvi B Q cöej n q I V Ges RxebhvÎvi bvbv ÿ Î evsjv fvlvi e envi KZLvwb I Zvi DrKl KZUv N U Q Zv wb q Avgv `i müvb Avevi bzzb K i ïiæ nq GwU cy iv bv e vcvi; Z e GB wd-eq ii cövq cybive wëi g a I eva nq fvlv m ú K Avgv `i h Av em gvuvgywu cöwzw` bi Rxe b bnvr cö QbœB _v K, mb Av em K Avgiv bzyb K i Abyfe Kwi, gvz fvlvi PP vi ÿ Î h Am ú~y Zv Zvi nw`k Kwi Ges mb nw` ki c_ a i wb R `i KiYxq m ú K mrvm nevi Póv Kwi iv Ívi `vkvbcv Ui mvbb ev W evsjv fvlvi e envi, wecwyi evsjv bvg, cöpvi-gva g evsjv fvlvi e envi, ï I Aï evsjv evbvb Ges m e vcwi GKz ki eb gjv K Dcjÿ K i bzzb eb cökv ki g Zv welq jv Avgv `i cöpvi-gva gmg~ n hgb GB mg q cövavb c q _v K, hgwb Avgv `i Avjvc- Av jvpbv, wpšívfvebv BZ vw`i g a I evsjv fvlvi welqwu Ab mg qi P q GKUz ewkb nq Zv D V Av m Avï KZ e I KiYxq wn m e A bk K_vB ZLb D PvwiZ nq mme D PviY kl ch ší Avgv `i mk ji wpšívi g a nq Zv wu K _v K bv, wksev Kv iv Kv iv wpšívi K g i g a nq Zv _ KI hvq wkš A f m A_ev ixwz, hvb ejv hvk bv Kb, ïay fvlvi cö kœ bq Rxe bi cö kœi Avgv `i evievi Agi GKz ki Kv Q wd i Avm Z nq, Av Z vcjwäi cöiyv I msmöv gi kc_ wb Z fvlv Av `vj bib Øvi n Z nq KviY, evovwji RvZxqZvi I RvZxqZvev `i K `ªf~wg n Q fvlv, gvz fvlv evsjv GB fvlv K wn ib evovwji weg~z Avkv- AvKv ÿv g~z Zvi müvb c q Q; Avi AvR _ K lvu eq iii Av M evovwj-mšívb cövy w` ZI fxz ev KzwÚZ nqwb fvlvi gh v`v iÿvi R b G Rb B evsjv ` ki gvby li Rxeb ipbvi ^ cœi g a I mâvwiz n q Q fvlvi Rb Av em I fv jvevmv Z e mz n jv GB, Av em I fv jvevmvi cövej hzlvwb D PwKZ, fvlv K Rxe bi m ½ gjv bvi cöqvm, g b nq, ZZLvwb cöqvmf bq G cöm ½ GKwU NUbvi K_v g b co Q mwu Av M e j wbb eqi cuwp kk Av Mi K_v wm qwq GK we qi `viqv Z mlv b GK my ek f`ª jv Ki m ½ cwipq n jv Avgvi Kg ji K_v Rvb Z c ib wzwb wecyj weµ g Suvwc q co jb Avgvi Ici; bv, kvixwikfv e bq, myzxÿè evk evy wb q Zuvi e³ e i cöavb welq œvzk I œvz KvËi ch v qi evsjv fvlvq jlv cvv cȳ ÍK cökv ki Rb Avgv `i cöwzôvb evsjv GKv Wwg h Póv Pvwj q hv Q mwu cðkög e ZxZ Avi wkqz bq Ges G Z AKvi Y A_ e q Kiv gv UB DwPZ n Q bv D Pwkÿv ch v q wkÿvi gva g wn m e Bs iwr fvlvb Avgv `i Rb h_vh_ ejv evûj, mz hym GL bv wu K _vk j Zvi ` wókw³i ZxÿèZvq Avwg wbðq * cöv³b cwipvjk, evsjv GKv Wwg, XvKv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 09

12 mw`b wbwðz f n q hzvg Avgvi mšfvm, eûkvj Av MB mz hy Mi Aemvb N U Q ZvB mw`b iÿv c qwqjvg Ges a bcöv Y eu P wm qwqjvg AvR eys Z cvwi, cöpwjz M íi Qv Îi g Zv Avgvi DwPZ wqj f`ª jvk K Zvi Avµg Yi DË i ejv h, ÔAvwg AšÍZ mvgbv _i gw `i jyúb Kwiwb Õ G K_vi A_ n jv evsjv fvlvq D PZi wkÿv Í ii Dc hvmx cvv cȳ K ipbv I cökv ki cwikíbv MÖn Yi ÿ Î Avgvi Kv bv f~wgkv wqj bv Avgvi GKgvÎ Aciva Avwg h RvZxq cöwzôv b KvR Kwi ZvivB œvzk I œvz KvËi chv qi evsjv fvlvq cvv cȳ ÍK cöyqb I cökv ki Kv R AMÖYx f~wgkv cvjb Ki Q A_ vr evsjv GKv Wwg Avi evsjv GKv Wwgi cöwzôvi m ½ fvlv Av `vj bi cöz ÿ m úk i q Q mwu AviI eo Aciva m hvb nvk, Avµg Yi cö_g av vi auvqvi ik KvU Z bv KvU ZB f`ª jvk Zuvi e³ e i mvie Z cuš Q M jb evsjv cvv cȳ ÍK c o evsjv gva g cixÿv w` q cvm Ki j h _ó Ávb AvniY m e n e bv ZvQvov, hviv evsjv gva g jlvcov K i Zviv Bs iwr Z `ÿzv AR b K i bv e j we ` k wm q Zviv myweav Ki Z cv i bv ( hb jlvcov klvi cöavb D Ïk we ` k hviqv, ^ ` k Zv `i R b Kivi g Zv wkqy bb e j ) Avi m e vcwi D Pwkÿv ch v qi Dc hvmx evsjv cvv cȳ ÍK jlvi R b Dchy³ cwifvlvi eb bb wzwb wb RI eb jlvi wpšív K iwq jb, wkš cwifvlvi Afv ei K_v wpšív K ib wzwb m wpšív cwiz vm Ki Z eva n q Qb GB K_v jv e j wzwb Avgvi w` K Ggbfv e ZvKv jb hb wzwb ZLbI ejwq jb, ÔwK n QvKiv! Kgb V m a iwq Zv K cviwe Gi DËi w` Z?Õ Avwg wgbwgb K i ej Z Póv Kijvg, cwifvlv ˆZwii KvR wkš Kg nqwb KjKvZv wek we` vjq h cwifvlvi eb ei K i Q, mi Zv cövq câvk eqi n q M Q ZvQvov lv Ui `k K K `ªxq evsjv Dbœqb evw cwifvlv ˆZwii D ` vm wb qwqj welqwfwëk cwifvlvi wkqz ebi Zviv cökvk K iwqj Gi ci evsjv GKv Wwg _ KI A bk wel qi cwifvlv-cȳ ÍK ewi q Q Avgv `i ` ki A bk L vwzgvb Aa vck mme cwifvlv-cȳ ÍK cöyq bi Kv R hvm w` qwq jb ZvQvov, eb jlvi KvR Ki Z M ji A bk cwifvlv ˆZwi nq evsjv fvlvq Ávb-weÁv bi eb jlvb hw` bv nq Zvn j cwifvlv cviqv hv e Kx K i! g b n jv, f`ª jvk Gevi Avmj RvqMvwU c q M Qb wzwb cövq ivmz ^ ib ej jb, Kx ej jb? KjKvZv wek we` vj qi cwifvlv? Avgiv KjKvZvi cwifvlv e envi Kie? GB Avcbv `i GKUv `vl me mgq Lvwj KjKvZv KjKvZv K ib I `i cwifvlvq Avgv `i Pj e bv Avi Avcwb Kx mwz K_v ej Qb? KjKvZv wek we` vjq wk mwz B cwifvlvi eb ei K iwqj? Avgvi Zv wek vm nq bv Avgvi Reve `Iqvi wkqz wqj bv Zey wgbwgb K i Avevi ejjvg, evsjv Dbœqb evw Avi evsjv GK WwgI Zv cwifvlvi A bk eb ei K i Q Avcwb m jvi e envi Ki Z cv ib wzwb Kv bv DËi w` jb bv Kej ivlklvwqz ` wó Z Avgvi w` K P q ib jb Zuvi ` wó Z g b nq, Ggb GKUv fve wqj hb evsjv Dbœqb evw Avi evsjv GKv Wwg h wewfb&œ wel qi Dc hvmx cwifvlvi eb ei K i Q m AcivaI GKvšÍB Avgvi 10 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

13 GB NUbvwU Kv bv evbv bv Kvwnwb bq, G Kev i mwz NUbv AvR Zgb KD nq Zv Rviv jv Mjvq ej Z hv e bv h, cwifvlvi Afv ei Rb B evsjv fvlvq D Pwkÿv Í ii cvv cȳ ÍK jlv hv e bv wksev Zvi gvbi h _ó fv jv n e bv B Zvg a B wkš A bk eb jlv n q Q m wj cökvwkzi n q Q cvv cȳ Í Ki Afv e œvzk I œvz KvËi ch v q evsjvq cov hv e bv ev cixÿv `Iqv m e n e bv Ggb K_v Lye ewk Avi kvbv hvq bv, Z e wec` G m Q Ab w`k _ K m K_vq c i AvmwQ Zvi Av M GKUz R b biqv fv jv, wkÿvi evnb wn m e Avgv `i gvz fvlv evsjvi e envi Kb Riæwi! AvR _ K cövq GK kv eqi Av M cšl 1322 e½v ãi meyr c Î, iex `ªbv_ Ôwkÿvi evnbõ bv g GKwU cöeü j Lb Zv Z wzwb wj LwQ jb wkÿvwe Ív ii K_vUv K hlb wvkgz gb w`qv `wl ZLb Zvi me cöavb evavuv GB `wl Z cvb h Zvi evnbuv Bs iwr we `kx gvj Rvnv R Kwiqv kn ii NvU chší Avwmqv cušwq Z cv i, wkš mb RvnvRUv Z KwiqvB ` ki nv U nv U Avg`vwb idzvwb KivBevi `yivkv wg_ v hw` wewjwz RvnvRUv KB Kvqg b AuvKovBqv awi Z PvB Z e e vemv kn ib AvUKv cwoqv _vwk e G ch ší G AmyweavUv Z Avgv `i AmyL eva nq bvb Kbbv gy L hvb ewj, g bi g a GB kniuv KB `k ewjqv awiqv jbqvwqjvg `vwÿy hlb Lye ewk nq ZLb GB ch ší ewj: Av Qv ek, Lye Mvovi w` Ki gvuv wkÿvuv evsjv fvlvq `Iqv Pwj e, m hw` D Pwkÿvi w` K nvz evovq Z e ÔMwel Zz cnvm Zvg Õ Avgv `i GB fxiæzv wk wpiw`bb _vwkqv hvb e? fimv Kwiqv GUzKz Kv bvw`b ewj Z cvwie bv h D Pwkÿv K Avgv `i ` ki fvlvq ` ki wrwbm Kwiqv jb Z nb e? cwðg nb Z hv wkqz wkwlevi Av Q Rvcvb Zv `wl Z `wl Z mg Í ` k QovBqv w`j Zvi cöavb KviY, mb wkÿv K Zviv `wk fvlvi Avav i euvavb Kwi Z cvwiqv Q A_P Rvcvwb fvlvi aviyvkw³ Avgv `i fvlvi P q ewk bq bzzb K_v m wó Kwievi kw³ Avgv `i fvlvq Acwimxg Zv Qvov qy iv ci eyw e wëi AvKvi cökvi hzuv Avgv `i m ½ g j Ggb Rvcvwbi m ½ bq wkš D ` vmx cyiæl wmsn KejgvÎ j²x K cvq bv, mi ^Zx KI cvq Rvcvb Rvi Kwiqv ewjj, Ôqy iv ci we` v K wb Ri evyxgw ` i cöwzwôz Kwie Õ hgb ejv Zgwb Kiv, Zgwb Zvi djjvf Avgiv fimv Kwiqv G ch ší ewj ZB cvwijvg bv h, evsjv fvlv ZB Avgiv D Pwkÿv w`e Ges `Iqv hvq Ges w` j Z eb we` vi dmj `k Rywoqv dwj e iex `ªbv_ mw`b h fimvi K_v e jwq jb m fimv Avgiv GLb jvf Ki Z c iwq Ggb Zv cy ivcywi g b nq bv bvbv wøav- Ø Ø GLbI Avgv `i g bi g a i q M Q cöavbz wkwÿz I Z_vKw_Z Av jvkcövß `i g a B ewk Zvi KviY, Avgv `i wkÿvi cöavb D Ïk wpë K cömvwiz Kiv bq, weë K AwaMZ Kiv Avevi iex `ªbv _i fvlvq, ÔZvi dj nbqv Q, D P-A ½i wkÿv hw` ev Avgiv cvb D P A ½i wpšív Avgiv Kwi bv Õ iex `ªbv_ mb cövq GK kv eqi Av M Rvcv bi h D`vniY U bwq jb Zvi cöwzaÿwb Av iv A b Ki K Ú kvbv M Q Zuv `i g a GKRb weávbvpvh m Z `ªbv_ emy, whwb Zuvi mvivrxeb e q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 11

14 K i Qb D PZi Í i c`v_ we` v wkÿv`v bi Kv R 1962 mv ji A ±vei gv m nvq`ivev ` AbywôZ ÔAvs irx nvviõ m j b wzwb evsjvq h e³ Zv w` qwq jb Zv Z e jwq jb- Avgvi Rvcvb åg Yi AwfÁZvi K_v g b co Q m AwfÁZvi K_v ms ÿ c Avcbv `i eje cövq GK-kÕ eqi nj cvðvz Rv Zi nv Z Nv L q Rvcvb wvk Kij, h we` v I Áv bi Rb cözxp GZ kw³gvb n q Q m Ávb I m mg Í we` v AvqË Ki Z n e GLbI GK-kÕ eqi nqwb GiB g a Rvcv bi KxwZ Kjv ci K_v mk jb Rv bb wek eqi Av M wøzxq gnvhy hlb Rvcv bi nvi nj ZLb Rvcv bi `yie vi kl wqj bv, AvR wkš Rvcv b M j g b n e bv h G ikg Kvb Ae vi ga w` q Zv K h Z n q Q Avgvi cö_ g aviyv wqj h nqz KvbI GKUv we `wk fvlvi Dci wbf i K i Rvcv b weávb wksev wkíkjv klv bv nq wkš mlv b wm q `Ljvg h Avgvi aviyv fzj Avwg A bk eb RvMvo K iwqjvg Zvi AwaKvskB Rvcvwb Z jlv ZvB cv Vv vi nqwb Aek `y PviLvbv Bs irx ebi Zvi m ½ c qwq m Z `ªbv_ emy h m j b hvm w` qwq jb Zv Z wzwb Ges Avi `y GKRb we `wk Qvov Avi mevb wq jb Rvcv bi jvk `vk wbk, weávbx wksev wkÿk m j b hv Av jvpbv n qwqj Zv meb Rvcvwb Z Av jvpbvi welq wqj, ÔAvaywbK weáv bi hy M gvby li wk Kiv DwPZ Ges gvby li fwel rb ev wk n eõ m j b Rvcv bi hme `vk wbk, weávbx I wkÿk hvm w` qwq jb Zuviv cövq mk jb Bs iwr eys Zb Ges ej ZI cvi Zb ÔZ e Zv `i g b Ggb wek vm wqj bv h, Bs irx ej j wb Ri g bi fve úó K i evsv Z cvi eb Ô mbrb h me weávbx I `vk wbk mlv b Dcw Z wq jb Zuviv mk jb Rvcvbx fvlv ZB wb Ri g bvfve cökvk K iwq jb `Lv Mj ï `vk wbk ZË wksev ez gvb weáv bi D P Í ii K_v meb Rvcvbx fvlvq ejv m e Ges Rvcvbx K_vq Zv ejevi Rb jv K e MÖ Õ Rvcvwb fvlvi h Amyweavi cöwz iex `ªbv_ Zuvi jlvq Bw½Z K iwq jb m Z `ªbv_ emy Zvi Av jvpbv Av iv GKUz we ÍvwiZfv e K i Qb Avgv `i fvizxq fvlv wji Zzjbvq Rvcvbx fvlvi KZK wj Amyweav Av Q huviv GKUz Lei iv Lb ZuvivB Zv Rv bb GKUv Amyweav nj GB h, Avgv `i hgb AímsL K Aÿi ØvivB me evk jlvi hvq, eb ZI Qvcv bv hvq, Rvcvbx fvlv Z m e e v bb Av Q wb R `i Aÿi Ges ˆPwbK Aÿi cövq nvrvi wz bk huviv D Pwkÿvq B QyK Zuv `i G mekuv KB wkl Z nq Gi Rb Avgv `i ` k hlv b gvz fvlv eqilv bk ev eqi `y q Ki g a PjbmB Avq Ëi g a G m hvq, Q j g q `i mlv b Rvcvbx fvlv wkl Z M o jv M cövq Qq eqi GZ Amyweav m Ë I Ggb Ae v Rvcvbx fvlvi h cö Z K Rvcvbx weávbx, Rvcvbx `vk wbk wb R `i g bi cö Z KwU K_v Rvcvbx Z cökvk Ki Z cv ib G Z myweav n q Q GB h, ` ki g a eva Zvg~jK cöv_wgk wkÿv hlb Pvjy n qwqj ZLb Zvi Rb wkÿk cvevi KvbI Amyweav nqwb, -Ggb 12 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

15 wkÿk whwb Rvcvbx fvlvq weávb wksev `k b wksev Ab vb Kjvwe` v AvqË K i wb q Qb I cov Z cv ib (m Z `ªbv_ emy ipbv mskjb, e½xq weávb cwil`, KjKvZv) iex `ªbv_ Ges m Z `ªbv_ emy `yr bb we klfv e Rvcv bi D`vniY U b wkÿvi evnb wn m e gvz fvlvi e envi K mg_ b Rvwb q Qb Avgv `i ` ki hviv D Pwkÿv Í ii Dc hvmx cvv cȳ ÍK wksev mnvqk eb (Refernec books) wj L Qb Ges evsjv fvlvq wj L Qb ZuvivI e j Qb h, G Z Zgb Amyweav nq bv Z e evsjv fvlvq whwb eb wjl eb evsjv fvlv Zuvi fv jvfv e AvqË _vkv PvB wzwb hw` Av` Z evsjvq wjl Z ^v Q ` eva bv K ib wksev fvlvi e env i cvi½g I Af Í bv nb Zvn j Zuvi c ÿ eb jlvi KvRwU Kiv Am e bv n ji `yiƒn h n e m K_v wbtm ` n ejv hvq fvlvi Dci fv jv `Lj _vkvuv n Q h Kv bv jlvi Rb, eb jlvi Rb Zv Aek B, GKwU Avek Kxq kz Avevi GI Avek K h, whwb œvzk ev œvz KvËi ch v qi Dc hvmx eb wjl eb Zuv K wbðqb mswkøó welqwu m ú K fv jvfv e Rvb Z n e Av iv Rvbv cö qvrb, m welqwu m ú K h me jlv ev eb nvjzk cökvwkz n q Q Zvi nw`k welq m ú K Ávb Mfxi I we Í Z bv n j GKwU fv jv cvv cȳ ÍK jlv gv UB m e bq Avevi cö_g Lmov ZB h ebwu me v½my `i n q DV e GgbI bq h me cvv cȳ ÍK `xn Kvj a i mywjwlz eb wn m e wkÿv_x I wkÿk `i g bv hvm I AvMÖn a i ivl Z c i Q, m wj evievi cwigvr bv Kiv n q Q e jb Zv m e n q Q evsjv ` k evsjvq D PZi wkÿv Í ii cvv cȳ ÍK ipbvi KvR wkqzuv ïiæ nq wek kz Ki lv Ui `k K ZrKvjxb K `ªxq evsjv Dbœqb evw KvRUv ïiæ K iwqj e U, wkšíy Zgb D jøl hvm fv e bq e Z KvRwU h _ó D ` vm-av qvrb wb q m~wpz nq ^vaxbzv-dëikv j 1972 mv j evsjv Dbœqb evw wejyß K i evsjv GKv Wwgi m ½ mgwš^z n j wkÿvi gva g wn m e mkj Í i evsjv fvlvi e envi Pvjy Kivi Rb mœvzk I mœvz KvËi ch v qi cvv cȳ ÍK ipbv I cökv ki `vwqz bq GKv Wwg wewfbœ wel qi Rb cö qvrbxq cvv cȳ Í Ki GKwU m ve ZvwjKvI ˆZwi K i evsjv GKv Wwgi cvv cȳ ÍK wefvm m Abyhvqx wek we` vjq I K j Ri wkÿk `i m ½ hvmv hvm vcb K i evsjv fvlvq D PZi wkÿv Í ii Dc hvmx cvv cȳ ÍK ipbvi mywbw` ó `vwqz cö`vb Kiv nq G Z ek mvov g j, huviv `vwqz c qwq jb Zuv `i g a A b KB eb jlvi KvR hgb kl K ib, Zgwb c~e _ K `vwqz bv c qi A b K ^ZtcÖe Ë n q wecyj Drmvn wb q cvðzwjwc Rgv w` Z _v Kb evsjv GKv Wwgi cvv cȳ ÍK wefv Mi cöavb wq jb ZLb cövewük, Abyev`K I K_vmvwnwZ K Ave`yj nk Zuvi bz Z cvv cȳ ÍK wefvmi msmwvz nq ^vaxbzvi DÏxcbv mb mg q A_ vr wek kz Ki më ii `k Ki cö_g w` K Rxe bi me Í i gvz fvlv evsjv K e envi Kivi c _ mkj Í ii gvby li g b cöiyv mâvi I Drmvn m wó K iwqj Gi Rb Kv bv evav KB ZLb gvbyl Aj Nbxq g b K iwb BwZnvm, A_ bxwz, mgvrweávb BZ vw` wel qi evsjv cvv cȳ ÍK ipbvi `vwqz wb q A b KB hgb GwM q G mwq jb, Zgwb fšzweávb, RxeweÁvb, wpwkrmvweávb BZ vw` wel qi eb jlvi Rb I A b K Drmvn eva K iwq jb m Drmv ni cq b Avw_ K jvfvjvf g~j KviY wqj bv g~j cöiyvi welqwu wqj evsjv fvlvq œvzk I œvz KvËi ch v qi cvv I cvv mnvqk eb jlvi P v jä MÖnY Kiv Ges wkÿvi me Í i evsjv fvlv e env ii cöqvm K mg_ b evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 13

16 Kiv GB Kv Ri m ½ huviv wb R `i hy³ K iwq jb Zuviv cwifvlv jf bq e j _ g _v Kbwb, wb RivI KvR Ki Z wm q bzzb bzzb cwifvlv ˆZwi K iwq jb Ges Zv Z evsjv cwifvlv-fvðvii h _ó mg n q Q e j aviyv Kiv hvq GLb huviv D Pwkÿvi cö qvrb guv Z evsjv fvlvq eb wjl Qb Zuv `i KvQ _ K cwifvlvi Afv ei K_v Zgb GKUv kvbv hvq bv hme cwifvlv B Zvg a wbwg Z I PwqZ n q Q Zv Z Zuv `i KvR Pj Q hgb, Zgwb huviv evsjv fvlvq wjl Qb Zuviv wb RivI wb R `i cö qvrb I we epbv g Zv bzzb cwifvlvi müvb Ki Qb Avgiv Avkv Kie fwel ZI huviv Giƒc jlv jwl Z RwoZ n eb ZuvivI Zgb KvR Ki eb Z e GKwU K_v GLv b ejv cö qvrb n q c o Q h, B`vbxs evsjv fvlvq D Pwkÿvi eb jlv I cökv ki cöev n wkqzuv fvuv c o Q e jb g b nq Gi GKvwaK KviY _vk Z cv i Zvi g a GKwU KviY nq Zv GB h, fv³vi Pvwn`v K g M Q Gi gv b B`vbxs D Pwkÿvi ÿ Î evsjv eb qi Pvwn`v K g M Q, ZvB bzzb jlvi ZvwM`I `k bxqfv e KgwZi w` K g b nq D Pwkÿvi ÿ Î KvVv gvmz cwiez bi Kvi YB ZgbwU NU Q Ges mrb B evsjv fvlvi e envi K g Avm Q GB ev ÍeZvi KviY Luy R `Lv cö qvrb Ab _vq gvz fvlvi gh v`vi welqwu Kej Av emrwbz D Pvi Y mxwgz _vk e, Rxe bi me Í i e env ii ch v q cušqv Z cvi e bv 14 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

17 gyw³hy i PZbvq wkÿv * gvneyeyj nk Avengvb Kvj a i evsjv wqj mš ` h m ú ` Hk h gq GB Hk h i jv f hy M hy M GLv b G m Q bvbv RvwZ Mvôx wewfbœ mg q evsjv kvmb-kewjz n q Q gšh, ß, cvj, mb, ZzwK, AvdMvb, gvmj I Bs ir kvm bi Zv `i cöfve c o Q evsjvi fvlv, mvwnz, ms wz I mgvr Rxe b evsjvi MÖvg-mgv R j M Q fvo bi Quvqv we kl K i weªwuk Jcwb ewkk kvmb- kvl Yi Ke j c o evsjv wecyj I wbg g kvl Yi wkkvi n q Q cövk-weªwuk Avg j G ` k mvaviyfv e ag xq m úªxwzi cwi ek _vk ji weªwuk kvmbvg j wn `ygymjgv bi g a `~iz ˆZwi n Z _v K weªwuk kvmk `i AvbyK j c q cö_ g wn `y AwfRvZ wkwÿz m úª`v qi wekvk N U Zvi A bk c i wekwkz nq gymjgvb AwfRvZ wkwÿz m úª`vq Bs ir kvmk- Mvôxi AvkÖq-cÖkÖq c q wekvk jvf K i wn `y Rwg`vi köwy Zv `i kvl Yi cök wz mvgšíev`x Ges köwymz n ji mvaviy gymjgvb `i g a Pvcv wn `y-we Øl `vbv euva Z _v K gymjgvb mgv Ri GB weåvwší K cuywr K i gymwjg wj Mi Rb nq weªwuk we ivax ^vaxbzv Av `vj bi GK ch v q gymwjg wjm bzv gvnv ` Avjx wrbœvn agx q RvZxqZvev`x wørvwzz Ë i aviyv Zz j a ib Zv D`xqgvb gymwjg ga weë köwyi Kv Q e vckfv e mgv` Z nq GB my hv M weªwukivr Ôwef³ Ki I kvmb KiÕ Ñ GB bxwz Z wn `y-gymjgvb we f` K Dm K `q GB cöÿvc U 1947 mv j fvizel wefv Mi gva g ag wfwëk K wîg ivóª cvwk Ív bi Rb nq Awef³ evsjv K wef³ Kiv nq Ges c~e evsjv mv úª`vwqk I wørvwzz Ë i wfwë Z MwVZ ivóª cvwk Ív bi AšÍf y³ nq evovwj gymjgvb ag xq RvZxqZvev`x mskxy fveavivq Av Qbœ n q mvgwqkfv e cvwk Ív bi mg_ K n q `uvovq cvwk Ív bi R b i ci `Lv Mj, ivóªxq I A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ð c~e evsjv D cwÿz cvwk Ívwb kvmk Mvôx cvwk Ív bi Rb jmœ _ KB c~e evsjvi Ici Pvwc q `q Jcwb ewkk ai bi kvmb- kvly c~e evsjvi RbMY K ivr bwzkfv e mb kvmb- kvly KewjZ Kivi j ÿ cö_ g AvNvZ nv b evovwji ms wzi Ici cvwk Ív bi msl vmwiô jvk wqj c~e evsjvi evovwj cvwk Ívwb kvmkiv cö_ g AvNvZ nv b evovwji gy Li fvlv evsjvi Ici evsjv fvlv K D cÿv K i GKgvÎ D` y K Zviv ivóªfvlv Kivi NvlYv `q cöwzev ` gyli nq c~e evsjvi QvÎmgvR 1952-i gnvb fvlv Av `vj b ey Ki i³ w` q evovwj cöwzôv K i evsjv fvlvq K_v ejvi AwaKvi mb fvlv Av `vj bi ga w` q c~e evsjvi evovwji PZbvq N U YMZ cwiez b ag xq mskxy Zvev`x gymwjg RvZxqZvev `i gvn _ K gy³ nq evovwj Zv `i gvb m A¼zwiZ nq b ZvwË K RvZxqZvev`x PZbv cvwk Ívwb kvmk Mvôxi RvwZMZ `gb, wbcxob Ges AMYZvwš K cöwzwµqvkxj bxwz-cš vi weiæ Zxeª msmöv g mvwgj nq c~e evsjvi RbMY 1954 mv j hy³d«ui 21 `dv wbe vpbx msmövg * Aa vck, evsjv wefvm, PUªMÖvg wek we` vjq, PUªMÖvg evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 15

18 Ges wbe vp b cvwk Ívwb kvmk`j gymwjg wj Mi fivwzwe I hy³d«ui wecyj werq, 1962-i wkÿv Av `vjb, 1966 mv j e½eüzi 6 `dv A `vjb, 1968-i AvMiZjv lohš gvgjvi cöwzev ` `ye vi Av `vjb, 1969-G QvÎmgv Ri 11 `dv Av `vj b RbM Yi AfzZc~e mvov BZ vw` me wgwj q RvZxqZvev`x PZbv Zz ½ cušqvq Ges Zv iƒc bq ^vwakvi Av `vj bi 69-Gi MYAfz Ìv b e½eüzmn Kvivew ` `i gyw³jvf Av `vjb K `ye vi I emevb K i Zv j GB Av `vj bi d j 1969-G cvwk Ívwb mvgwik ˆ ^ikvmk AvBqye Lv bi czb N U cvwk Ívwb kvmk Mvôxi bzzb ˆ ^ikvmk Rbv ij Bqvwnqv Lvb MY-Av `vj bi gy L mvaviy wbe vpb w` Z eva nb 1970-Gi wbe vp b RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi c ÿ MY Rvqvi I V evovwj wecyjfv e Qq `dvi c ÿ fvu `q d j e½eüz kl gywreyi ingv bi bz Z vaxb AvIqvgx jxm cvwk Ív bi RvZxq cwil ` 160wU Avm b Rqjvf K i GKK msl vmwiôzv jvf K i wkš MYZš we ivax I Kv qwg ^v_ ev`x cvwk Ívwb kvmk Mvôx evovwji nv Z ÿgzv n ÍvšÍ i Uvjevnvbv ïiæ K i c~e evsjvi RbMY ^Ztù Z Amn hvm Av `vj b mvwgj nq cvwk Ívwb evwnwbi A i ûgwk D cÿv K i 7B gv P e½eüz Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvl Y ^vaxbzvi K_v e ³ K ib Av jvpbvi bv g mgq ÿcy K i cvwk Ívwb evwnwb Mvcb mvgwik cö wz wb Z _v K 1971-Gi 25 k gvp iv Z AZwK Z Zviv Suvwc q c o wbi evovwji Ici Ges wbg g I b ksmzg nz vh Á gë n q I V GB cwiw wz Z e½eüz 26 k gvp ^vaxbzv NvlYv K ib e Z, 1969-Gi MYAfz Ìvb I 1971-Gi Amn hvm Av `vj bi ga w` q MYZš I ^vwakvi Av `vjb cvq ^vaxbzv msmöv gi PwiÎ köwgk, K lk, eyw Rxex, bvixmgvr I ckvrxex-mn QvÎ- RbZvi Av `vjb, evovwji fvlv-mvwnz -ms wz myiÿvi msmövg, MYZvwš K AwaKvi Av`v qi jovb, mv ªvR ev `i kvmb- kvl Yi weiæ MYmsMÖvg BZ vw` cyäxf Z iƒc wb q ˆZwi nq gyw³hy i cuf wg ïay ZvB bq, G gyw³hy i cuf wg Z i q Q evsjvi weªwukwe ivax bvbv Av `vjb-msmövg I we `ªvn, ZfvMv Av `vjb, UsK I bvbkvi we `ªvn, muvizvj, Mv iv, nvrs BZ vw` ÿz`ª b Mvôxi msmövg I we `ªvn e½eüzi ^vaxbzv NvlYvi ci ïiæ n q hvq gyw³hy wbi evovwj nv Z Zz j bq A köwgk- K lk, QvÎ-RbZv MVb K i gyw³evwnwb bq gv mi mk msmöv gi fzi w` q gyw³evwnwb werq AR b K i 1971-Gi 16B ww m ^i GB Af Zc~e wer qi gva g Ges wzwik jÿ kwn `i AvZ Z vm, `yb jÿ gv- ev bi m gi wewbg q we k i gvbwp Î ^vaxb mve fšg evsjv ` ki Afz `q N U RvwZ wn m e evovwj cvq becöwzôv nvrvi eq ii BwZnv m evovwj GB cö_g AR b K i GK HwZnvwmK RvwZivóª mb ivóª cwipvjbvi Rb iwpz nq msweavb Zv Z ^cœkí e ³ nq RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi Av jv K ag wbi cÿ, MYZvwš K I mgvrzš AwfgyLx AvaywbK ivóª wbg v Yi 2 h ^cœ I PZbv wb q Avgiv gyw³hy Suvwc q c owqjvg Zv eûjvs k cöwzdwjz n q Q 1972-Gi msweav b Avgv `i RvZxq Rxe b gyw³hy i PZbvi iæz Acwimxg i³, AkÖæ I AvZ Z vm, `ye vi mk msmövg I AmvaviY wer qi ga w` q Avgiv c qwq cövywcöq ^vaxbzv c qwq GKwU gvbwpî, jvj-meyr czvkv I ^vaxb mve fšg ivóª 1971-G evovwj RvwZ h PZbv wb q gyw³hy 16 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

19 Suvwc q c owqj Zvi Ab bvg gyw³hy i PZbv G PZbv mgmö RvwZi mgwómz PZbv, hv mỳ p cöz q ejxqvb GB PZbvB Avgv `i cövwyz K i Q gyw³msmöv g Suvwc q co Z GB PZbvB m wó K i Q Avgv `i gyw³hy i MŠi ev¾ j BwZnvm GB PZbvi dmj Avgv `i ^vaxbzv GB PZbvB hy M hy M Avgv `i fwel r c_pjvq cöiyvi AwMœgkvj n q _vk e cvwk ví wb kvmb- kvl Yi AwfÁZvi cÿö vc U Ges gwy ³h y i fzi w` qb evovwji gvb m wekwkz n q Q gwy ³h y i PZbv jovkz evovwj Abfy e K i Q cvwk ví wb kvmk Mvôx agx q evzvei Yi Avov j ce~ e vsjv K Jcwb ewkk ai bi kvmb- kvly KewjZ K i i LwQj GB Dcjwäi dmj wn m e evovwji Rxe b bz vwëk RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi D b l I wekvk N U evovwj `w ó divq wb Ri fvlv, mvwnz I ms w Zi HwZ n i w` K GB HwZ n i g a B m cvq Zvi AvZ cwip qi müvb ZvB Zv evovwj cvwk ví wb mvgwik RvšvÍ i weiæ MYZvwšK AwaKvi Av`v qi msmvö g vø Mvb w` q Q ÔRv Mv Rv Mv, evovwj Rv MvÕ, Ô Zvgvi Avgvi wvkvbv, cùv gnbv hgby võ Gw`K _ K evovwj RvZxqZvev` wqj gwy ³h y I Ab Zg gšj ciö Yv Avi GB RvZxqZvev`x Av `vj b mvwgj n qwqj evsjvi wn `,y gmy jgvb, eš, wl ª vb mevb f^ vezb gwy ³h y i GKwU cv v i fvlv c qwqj GB D PviY Ôevsjvi wn `,y evsjvi eš, evsjvi wl ª vb, evsjvi gmy jgvb, Avgiv mevb evovwjõ Mfxifv e Zwj q `L j cözxqgvb n e h, GB RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi Awe Q` Abyl½ wqj, ag wbi cÿzv KviY, evsjvi me a g i jv Ki mgvnv i M o D V Q evovwj b Mvôx Ges me a g i jv Ki AskMÖnY wqj evovwj RvZxqZvev`x Av `vj b Zv Qvov evsjv ` ki gvbyl `xn Kvj a i mv úª`vwqkzv K N Yv K i G m Q, wbišíi jovb K i Q Zvi weiæ cvwk Ívwb Kvjc e Zviv Av `vjb K i Q Amv úª`vwqk I ag wbi cÿ GKwU ivóª cöwzôvi, hlv b ag xq we Øl, nvbvnvwb I mv úª`vwqkzvi Aemvb n e Gfv eb evovwji gvb m RvMÖZ n q Q ag wbi cÿ iv óªi AvKv ÿv Av MB ejv n q Q h, cvwk ví wb kvmk- Mvôxi gj~ jÿ wqj, ce~ evsjvi RbM Yi Ici Jcwb ewkk ai bi kvly Kv qg evovwji msmvö g wqj mb kvl Yi weiæ QvÎmgv Ri 11 `dv `vwei Ab Zg `dv wqj mgvrzš ZvQvov mvwf qz BDwbqbmn mgvrzvwšk `k wj Rviv jv mg_b w` qwqj Avgv `i gwy ³msMvÖ g K Gw`K _ K kvlynxb mgvr cwö Zôv wqj gwy ³h y i Ab Zg gšj PZbv GB cÿö vc UB 1972-G iwpz msweav b ivóxª q gj~ bxwz wn m e Mn xz n qwqj mgvrzš `xn jovb-msmövg I gnvb gyw³hy i PZbvi gg e iƒckí jvf K i Q 1972-Gi msweav b PviwU ivóªxq g~j bxwzi g a B wbwnz Kiv nq evovwji RvZxq I ivóªxq PZbv K Zv Z ivóª cwipvjbvi g~j bxwz cöm ½ ejv nq, ÔRvZxqZvev`, mgvrzš, MYZš I ag wbi cÿzv... ivóª cwipvjbvi g~jbxwz ewjqv cwimwyz nb e Õ evsjvi gvby li ^cœmva I MYmsMÖv gi gg evyx cöwzdwjz n q Q G Z ZvB gyw³hy i PZbv ev Íevq b 1972-Gi msweav bi ivóªxq g~j bxwzi K_v we epbvq ivlv cö qvrb 1972-Gi msweav bi cö Ívebvq jlv nq: ÔAvgv `i iv óªi Ab Zg g~j jÿ nb e MYZvwš K c wz Z Ggb GK kvlygy³ mgvrzvwš K mgvr cöwzôv hlv b me bvmwi Ki R b... ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk mvg... wbwðz nb e Õ evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 17

20 1972-Gi msweav b AviI ejv nq h, Ô... GB bxwzmg~n evsjv `k cwipvjbvi g~j m~î nb e AvBb cöyqbkv j ivóª Zvnv cö qvm Kwi eb, GB msweavb I evsjv ` ki Ab vb AvB bi e vl v`v bi ÿ Î Zvnv wb ` kk nb e Ges Zvnv ivóª I bvmwi Ki Kv h i wfwë nb e Õ cvwk Ívwb kvmk Mvôx ` k KL bv MYZš cöwzwôz n Z `q wb evievi Zviv evav m wó K i Q MYZvwš K ivrbxwzi wekv ki c _ hlbb MYZvwš K wekv ki m vebv m wó n q Q ZLbB Zviv lohš K i Q MYZš K bm vr Kivi R b evi evi mvgwik evwnbx ÿgzv `Lj K i Q GB cöÿvc U cvwk Ívwb kvmbvg j evovwj wbišíi h msmövg K i Q Zv wqj mvgwik ˆ ^iz š i weiæ MYZvwš K AwaKvi cöwzôvi msmövg GB Kvi Y evsjv ` ki msweav bi MYZš K Ab Zg ivóªxq g~jbxwz wn m e MÖnY Kiv nq Gfv e `Lv hvq, MYZš, mgvrzš, ag wbi cÿzv I RvZxqZvev` Ñ GB Pvi g~j bxwz n Q Avgv `i gyw³hy i PZbvi we kl cwipvqk 1975-Gi cu cwiez bi ci wemz K qk `k K gyw³hy i PZbv K bm vr Kivi R b wbišíi lohš P j câg ms kvabxi gva g ag wbi cÿzv I mgvrzš K ivóªxq g~j bxwz _ K ev` w` q gyw³hy i PZbv K f jywéz Kiv nq wezk Zvjv nq, Avgiv evovwj bv evsjv `kx gšjev `i DÌvb NwU q bm vr Kiv nq ag wbi cÿzvi PZbv K ivóªxq g~jbxwz _ K ev` `Iqv nq ag wbi cÿzv K hyw³ev`x, weávbgb wpšívaviv K Av Qbœ Kivi Póv P j ag vü g bvfv ei we Ívi NwU q ag K e envi Kiv nq nxb ivr bwzk ^v_ D v ii Póvq MYZvwš K mgvr cöwzôvi aviv KI bvbvfv e Kiv nq evavmö Í mvgwik kvmb K ˆeaZv w` q ch ỳ Í Kiv nq MYZvwš K PZbv K 1975-Gi cu cwiez bi ci msweav bi GB Pvi g~jbxwz ÿzweÿz nq wkš Zv m Ë I ej Z n e, gyw³hy i PZbv ej j HwZnvwmKfv e GB Pvi g~jbxwz K evsvq 3 `k K mvbvi evsjv wn m e M o Zvjvi Rb e½eüz h c^ œ ` LwQ jb m c^ œ ev eí vq bi R b ` k `ikvi gwy ³h y i PZbvq D v wmz Dch³y bvmwik m R b wkÿve e v K bzbz fv e X j mvrv bv `ikvi wkÿv K `kezª x, weke Zª x, gvbeezª x, Kj vyezª x, weávbgb, Dbqœ bgly x, Kgg Ly x Ges Amv úà vwqk, mr bkxj I g³y PZbvm úbœ gvbly Movi Dc hvmx Kiv `ikvi G R b ` ki Av_- mvgvwrk e e v q Dbqœ bgly x cwiezb wbwðz Kivi j ÿ wkÿv_x `i ˆeÁvwbK `w ófw½m úbœ `vwqze vb I KZe wbô `ÿ Rbkw³ wn m e M o Zvjvi c` ÿc biqv c Ö qvrb g³y h y i PZbvi Av jv K G ai bi wkÿv fwel r crö b K bz Zi Yvewj AR b mnvqzv Ki e, Zv `i g a MYZvwšK PZbvi wekvk NUv e A b i gz I `w ófw½i cwö Z mnbkxj g bvfve `Lvevi gvbwmkzv Ges RxebgLy x e w bô BwZevPK `w ófw½ ARb Ki e mgv R hb g³y wpšví i wekvk N U m R b bzbz crö b K wpšví i v^ axbzvi wekv k Abcy vö wyz Ki Z n e wkÿv_x `i g a wekå vzz eva, Amv úà vwqkzv, mšnv` I mngwgz v eva RvwM q Zv `i gvbevwakv ii cwö Z k Ö vkxj K i M o Zvjv `ikvi wkÿve e v q Ggb m y hvm mw ó Ki Z n e hb, mgv Ri cwö ZwU Í ii gvbly wbr wbr gav, AvMnÖ, ceö YZv I c Ö qvrb Abmy v i wkÿvjv fi m y hvm cvq, Kgw egly Zvi g bvfve cwinvi Ki Z cv i Ges Ávb, `ÿzv I Kgv biy vm c Ö qvm K i AvZ Kgm s v bi ciö Yvq D¾xweZ nq Zv `i ˆbwZK Yvewji wekvk mvabi we kl iæzc Y~ Gm ei R b Acwinvh n Q Dch³y wkÿvbxwz 18 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

21 wkš v^ axbzvi ci Pvi `kk AwZµvšÍ n ji bvbv Kvi Y Kv bv wkÿvbxwz ev eí vqb Kiv m e nqwb v^ axbzvi cicib RvwZi RbK e½eüy kl gwy Reiy ingv bi AvM Ö n wkÿvbxwz cyö q bi D ` vm biqv nq clö vz weávbx I wkÿvwe` W. K`z ivz-g-lỳ vi bz Z MwVZ ` ki c_ö g wkÿv Kwgkb MYgLy x Avawy bk I weávbwfwëk GKwU wkÿvbxwz cyö qb K i K`z ivz-g-lỳ v wkÿv Kwgkb wi cv U gwy ³h y i PZbv K iæz `Iqv nq Zv Z ejv nq: Kl K, kwö gk, ga weëmn mkj kwö Yi gv S bzby mgvrzvwšk mgvr mw ói ciö Yv mâvi wkÿve e v i caö vb `vwqz I jÿ (Aa vq 1:1) wkÿvi gva g RvZxqZvev`, mgvrzš, MYZš I agw bi cÿzv eva wkÿv_x i wp Ë RvMZÖ I wekwkz K i Zjz Z n e Ges Zvi Rxe b hb mg K cwö Zdjb N U mw` K `w ó ivl Z n e (Aa vq 1:2) mvg ev`x MYZvwšK mgvr mw ói Rb mkj bvmwi Ki wkÿv mwy bwðz Ki Z n e (Aa vq 1:2) bzbz mgvrzvwšk mgv R v^ axb wpšví, mr bkxjzv, msmvb ÿgzv I bz Zi Yvewj wekv ki Ici iæz Av ivc Ki Z n e (Aa vq 1:9) c Ö Z K wkÿv_x K evsjv `k K Mfxifv e fv jvevm Z n e Ges evovwj RvZxqZvev `i Av` ki mg K Dcjwä ARb Ki Z n e (Aa vq 2:3) wkš `yf vm RbKfv e 1975 mv ji 15B AvM e½eüz I Zuvi cwievi K b ksmfv e nz v Kivi ga w` q ` ki MYZvwš K aviv K bm vr Kiv nq ïiæ nq A eafv e ÿgzv `L ji gva g `k K Dj Uv c _ biqvi cöwµqv Gi d j W. Kz`ivZ-G-Lỳ v cöyxz wkÿvbxwz Avi ev ÍevwqZ n Z cv i wb GKzk eqi ci 1996 mv j evsjv `k AvIqvgx jxm ÿgzvq G j cybivq wkÿvbxwz cöyq bi c` ÿc biqv nq 1997 mv j G msµvší GKwU cöwz e`b cöyqb Kiv nq H cöwz e` b ewy Z wkÿvi jÿ I D Ï k i g a gyw³hy i PZbv iæz cvq hgb: evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv, mve fšgz I ALÐZv iÿvi cöwz wkÿv_ x K m PZb Kiv, gyw³hy i PZbvq wkÿv_ x `i AbycÖvwYZ K i Zvjv Ges Zv `i wpšív- PZbvq `kvz ev ai wekvk NUv bv, MYZvwš K PZbvi wekv ki R b cvi úwik gzv` k i cöwz mnbkxj niqv, RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn I ms wzi aviv m ú K m PZb Kiv, ˆelg nxb mgvr m wói j ÿ gav I cöeyzv Abyhvqx wkÿvjv fi mgvb my hvm AevwiZ Kiv Ges wkÿv cwim i RvwZ, ag, MvÎ wbwe k l bvix-cyiæl ˆelg `~i Kiv BZ vw` D³ cöwz e` bi Av jv K AvIqvwg jxm mikvi ÔwkÿvbxwZ-2000Õ cöyqb K i wkš ÿgzvi cu cwiez b NU j m wkÿvbxwz D cwÿz nq 2008 mv ji RvZxq wbe vp b Rqjv fi gva g AvIqvgx jxm Avevi ÿgzvq Av m `k bîx kl nvwmbvi mikvi c~ e cöyxz wkÿvbxwz K hy Mvc hvmx K i cöyqb Kivi j ÿ wewkó wkÿvwe` `i `vwqz w` q RvZxq wkÿvbxwz KwgwU MVb K ib KwgwU mkj köwy- ckvi gvbyl, welq we klámn mswkøó mevi gzvgz MÖnY K i wkÿvbxwz cöyqb K ib KwgwU gyw³hy i PZbvq wkÿv_ x `i AbycÖvwYZ K i Zvjv K wkÿvi Ab Zg D Ïk I jÿ wn m e wba viy K ib h nzz gyw³hy i g~j PZbv wqj ˆelg nxb, Amv úª`vwqk I MYZvwš K GKwU ivóªe e v cöwzôv ZvB evsjv `k K `vwi`ª gy³, Amv cö`vwqk, D`vi I MYZvwš K GKwU ivóª wn m e cöwzôv Kivi bxwz ev Íevq bi c` ÿc wn m e GB wkÿvbxwz cöyxz nq wkÿvbxwz cöyq b iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K ib wkÿvgš x byiæj Bmjvg bvwn` mv ji RvZxq wkÿvbxwzi gg e Z Ges ewy Z jÿ I Av` k cöwzdwjz n q Q gyw³hy i PZbv Ges Avgv `i msweav bi g~j w`kwb ` kbv me ikg ˆelg `~i K i mevi R b wkÿvi evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 19

22 AwaKvi I my hvm wbwðz Kivi jÿ K Kiv n q Q wkÿvbxwzi AbymiYxq gšwjk wfwë GB wkÿvbxwz Z RbM Yi AvKv ÿv I cöz vkvi h _ó cöwzdjb N U Q wewfbœgylx wkÿvi ÿ Î `~iz Kwg q mk ji R b wkÿvi AwaKvi I my hvm wbwðz Kivi c` ÿc biqv n q Q GB wkÿvbxwz Z msweav b ewy Z ivóªxq g~jbxwz, hv Z gyw³hy i PZbvi cöwzdjb N U Q, Zvi Av jv K wkÿvbxwz Z ewy Z wkÿvi g~j D Ïk n Q: gyw³hy i PZbvq bzzb cörb K DØy I AbycÖvwYZ Kiv; Zv `i wpšív- PZbvq RvZxqZvev`, mgvrzš, MYZš I ag wbi cÿzvi D¾xeb NUv bv; ivóªxq Pvi g~jbxwzi m ½ wkÿvi myôz mgš^q Kiv; wkÿv_ x `i RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn, ms wz m ú K AvMÖnx I m PZb K i Zvjv; Zv `i `k cö g DØy Kiv Ges ` ki ^vaxbzv I mve fšg Z i cöwz kö vkxj I m PZb Kiv RvZxq wkÿvbxwz Z gvu wzwikwu D Ïk I jÿ wbav wiz n q Q Zv Z mvwek fv e ejv n q Q: ÔGB wkÿvbxwz msweav bi wb `k bv Abhy vqx ` k MYgLy x, mjy f, mly g, mer bxb, mcy wikwíz, weávbgb I gvb-m úbœ wkÿv`v b mÿg wkÿve e v M o Zvjvi wfwë I iy KŠkj wn m e KvR Ki e Õ gwy ³h y i PZbvi Av jv K wkÿvbxwzi K qkwu jÿ I D Ïk G cmö ½ Ze : 1. wkÿvi me Í i mvsweavwbk wbðqzvi cöwzdjb NUv bv Ges evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzv, mve fšgz I ALÐZv iÿvi cöwz wkÿv_ x `i m PZb Kiv 2. e w³ I RvZxq Rxe b ˆbwZK, gvbwek, mvs wzk, weávbwfwëk I mvgvwrk g~j eva cöwzôvk í wkÿv_ x `i gb b, K g I e envwik Rxe b DÏxcbv m wó Kiv 3. gyw³hy i PZbvq wkÿv_ x `i AbycÖvwYZ K i Zvjv I Zv `i wpšív- PZbvq `kvz eva, RvZxqZv eva Ges Zv `i Pwi Î mybvmwi Ki MyYvewji ( hgb: b vq eva, Amv úö`vwqk- PZbv eva, KZ e eva, gvbevwakvi m PZbZv, gy³eyw i PP v, k Ljv, mr Rxebhvc bi gvbwmkzv, mšnv`, Aa emvq BZ vw`) wekvk NUv bv 4. BwZnvm, HwZn I ms wzi aviv wekwkz K i cörb ci úivq mâvj bi e e v Kiv 5. `kr Aven I Dcv`vb m c ³Zvi gva g wkÿv K wkÿv_x i wpšív- PZbv I m RbkxjZvi D¾xeb Ges Zvi Rxeb-Nwbô Ávb wekv k mnvqzv Kiv 6. ` ki A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk AMÖMwZ mva bi Rb wkÿv K m Rbagx, cö qvmgylx I Drcv`bmnvqK K i Zvjv; wkÿv_ x `i K ˆeÁvwbK ` wófw½m úbœ e w³z wn m e M o Zvjv Ges Zv `i g a bz Z i MyYvewji wekv k mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv 7. RvwZ, ag, MvÎ wbwe k l Av_ mvgvwrk köwy- elg I bvix-cyiæl ˆelg `~i Kiv; Amv cö`vwqkzv, wek -åvz Z, mšnv` I gvby l gvby l mngwg Zv eva M o Zvjv Ges gvbevwakv ii cöwz kª vkxj K i Zvjv 8. ˆelg nxb mgvr m wó Kivi j ÿ gav I cöeyzv Abyhvqx vwbk, mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk Ae vb wbwe k l mk ji Rb wkÿv jv fi mgvb my hvm-myweav AevwiZ Kiv wkÿv K gybvdv AR bi j ÿ cy wn m e e envi bv Kiv 20 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

23 9. MYZvwš K PZbv eva wekv ki Rb cvi úwik gzv` k i cöwz mnbkxj niqv Ges RxebgyLx e wbô I BwZevPK ` wófw½ wekv k mnvqzv Kiv evsjv `k m wói ci wkÿvbxwz cöyq b ek K qkwu wkÿvkwgkbi KwgwU n q Q wkš Kv bv wkÿvbxwzb M nxz ev gvb nqwb G ÿ Î RvZxq wkÿvbxwz-2010 e wzµg RvwZ GB cö_g GKwU wkÿbxwz c q Q hv RvZxqfv e M nxz I me gn j mgv` Z GB wkÿvbxwz ev Íevq bi ÿ Î ek wkqz c` ÿc BwZg a B biqv n q Q cöv_wgk I gva wgk ch v qi wkÿvµg cöyq bi KvR kl n q Q m Abyhvqx Ges cwiez bkxj mgvr, ivóªe e v I wek vq bi Av jv K cvv eb cöyqb I cökv ki KvR mgvß n q Q Zv Z we kl iæz w` q `Lv n q Q gyw³hy i PZbvi cöwzdj bi w`kwu we kl Rvi `Iqv n q Q gyw³hy i PZbvi Av jvq AvaywbK wkÿv, Ávb-weÁvb, cöhyw³, Z_ cöhyw³ BZ vw` m ú K m PZb Ges ˆbwZK g~j eva I `k cö g DØy Amv úª`vwqk bvmwik m wói Ici Avkv Kiv hvq, Gme c` ÿc bzzb cörb K gyw³hy i be PZbvq Awfwl³ Ki e Ges fwel r evsjv `k wbg v Y djcöm~ Ae`vb ivl e gyw³hy i cöiyv wqj ` k Amv úª`vwqk, MYZvwš K I kvlynxb mgvre e v cöwzôv K i mvbvi evsjv M o Zvjv G R b bzzb cör b i gvbm jv K gyw³hy i PZbv RvwM q Zvjv Riæwi Zvn j ZvivB n e mvbvi evsjv M o Zvjvi KvwiMi G R b gyw³hy i cök Z BwZnvm Zv `i Rvb Z n e wkÿvµ g ZvB gyw³hy i BwZnvm I PZbvi welqwu K we kl iæz `Iqv n q Q 5 gyw³hy Kej AvZ Z v Mi BwZnvm bh, Zv AmvaviY mvnm I exi Z ii MŠieMv_v GB MŠi ei K_v Rvb Z cvi jb ZiæY cör b i g b RvM e ` ki R b Mfxi ggzv RvM e Me eva Rb b e `k K M o Zvjvi gnvb cöiyv G ` ki m vebvgq wekvj ZiæY mgvr K gyw³hy i PZbvq D¾xweZ Ki Z n e hb Zviv `k K fv jvev m hb Zviv gyw³hy i PZbvi A jv K `k K M o Zvjvq eªzx nq bvbv Kvi Y ` ki gnvb gyw³hy i BwZnvm G cör b i Kv Q mwvkfv e Dc vwcz nq wb eis gnvb G BwZnvm K B QvK Z I bvbvfv e wek Z Kiv n q Q ZvQvov A bk ÿ Î gyw³hy i BwZnvm cv Vi e e vi Kiv nq wb Zvi d j A b K BwZnvm Rvb Q bv, A b K wek Zfv e Dc vwcz BwZnvm Øviv weåvší n Q e Z, gyw³hy i mwvk BwZnv mi m ½ cwipq bv NUv bv M j bzzb cörb `k cöwgk I mvnmx n q DV e e j g b nq bv ZvB we` vqzwbk ch v q cöwzwu we` vkvlvq evsjv ` ki BwZnvm cvb-cvvb eva Zvg~jK Kiv `ikvi e j A b K g b K ib wkÿv_ x `i gyw³hy i PZbvq M o Zvjvi j ÿ gnvb gyw³hy i BwZnv mi Ici e vck iæz w` q D P gva wgk Ges m vb köwyi mkj we` vkvlvq AšÍZ 100 b ^ ii GKwU eva Zvg~jK cî _vkv `ikvi GKBfv e ` ki me KwiMwi gnvwe` vjq, wpwkrmv gnvwe` vjq, cö KŠkj wek we` vjqmn Ab vb wkÿv cöwzôv bi welqwu Pvjy Kivi cöqvrb i q Q e j g b nq e Z, wkÿve e vq gyw³hy i PZbvi cöwzdjb NUv bvi e vcviwu AviI Mfxi I wek`fv e fvev `ikvi KviY, evsjv ` ki AMÖhvÎvq gyw³hy i PZbvB n Q cöiyvgq PvwjKvkw³ evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 21

24 cö ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBb 2013 Ges GKxf Z wkÿvt GKwU we kølyag x ch v jvpbv I mycvwik * gvnv ` ZvwiK Avnmvb ** BKevj nv mb *** gvt Avey eki wmwïk m~pbv BD b v KZ K 1994 mv j NvwlZ mvjvgvbkv wwk v ikb (UNESCO, 1994)-Gi ci wek e vcx GKxf Z wkÿv KŠkjmg~n ev Íevq bi gva g mevi R b gvbm Z wkÿv wbwðz Kivi j ÿ Av `vjb ïiæ nq GiB avivevwnkzvq we k i wewfbœ `k GKxf Z wkÿv-mnvqk Ges mg_ K bxwzgvjv I AvBb cöyqb K i GKB m ½ mikvwi I emikvwi D ` v M zj ch v q bvbv ai bi Kvh µg I nv Z biqv nq evsjv `k Zvi e wzµg bq GKxf Z wkÿv ev Íevq bi R b evsjv `k BwZg a wewfbœ ai bi AvBb cöyqb K i Q, hvi g a D jøl hvm nj eva Zvg~jK cöv_wgk wkÿv AvBb, 1990 (MOPME,1990) evsjv `k cöwzeüx Kj vy AvBb 2001, (MSW,2001) RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010, (MOE, 2010) wkï AwaKvi AvBb, 2011 (MOWCA, 2011) cöwzeüx e w³ `i AwaKvi I myiÿv AvBb 2013, (Ahsan, 2013) 2q ch v qi RvZxq Kg cwikíbv (MOPME, 2003) cöf wz D jøl hvm GQvovI mikvi KZ K ek wkqz Kg m~wp nv Z biqv n q Q h jv GKxf Z wkÿv ev Íevq b iæz c~y fzwgkv ivl Q, hgb 2q cöv_wgk wkÿv Dbœqb cökí ev PEDP-2, (DPE, 2005), 3q cöv_wgk wkÿv Dbœqb cökí ev PEDP-3, (DPE,2011) wuwps KvqvwjwU B úªyf g U cöv R± (TQI-SEP, 2006) cöf wz GmKj D ` vm evsjv `k mikv ii GKxf Z wkÿv ev Íevq bi cöwz AvšÍwiKZviB cwipq enb K i GmKj bxwzgvjv, Kvh µg I AvšÍR vwzk NvlYvi mv _ mvgäm iÿvi ^v _ Ges RvZxq wkÿv-bxwz 2010 Abyhvqx evsjv ` k GKwU wkÿv AvBb Kiv AwZ Riæwi GB AvBb cöyq bi iæz we epbv K i evsjv `k mikvi 2013 mv j GKwU Lmov wkÿv AvBb cöyqb K i hv ÒcÖ ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBb 2013Ó bv g cwiwpz (MOE, 2013) GB cö ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvB b GKxf Z wkÿvi cöwz we kl iæz Av ivc Kiv n q Q GB cöeüwui D Ïk nj cö ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBb 2013 ch v jvpbv K i AvBbwU KZUzKz mdjfv e GKxf Z wkÿvi Dbœq b Ae`vb ivl e Zv we køly Kiv Ges Lmov AvB bi Kvb aviv ev Dcavivq cwigvr b, cwiez b ev cwiea b cö qvrb co j m e vcv i mywbw` ó mycvwik cö`vb Kiv * mn hvmx Aa vck, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq ** Dc `óv KvqvwjwU cövbgvwi GWz Kkb cövmövg, cøvb B Uvib vkbvj evsjv `k *** cö R± Kv-AiwW bui, BbK zkb B bwm qwufm di úkvj-wbwm evsjv `k 22 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

25 AvBb ch v jvpbvq Abym Z c wz Gwkqvb m Uvi di BbK zwmf GWz Kkb (ACIE) Ges cøvb B Uvib vkbvj evsjv `k hš_fv e 24 AvM 2013 kwbev i cö ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBb 2013 ch v jvpbvi R b XvKvi k ievsjv bm i Aew Z AvB ww we fe b GKwU Kg kvjvi Av qvrb K i GB Kg kvjvq 30 wu cöwzôvb _ K cövq 60 Rb Ask MÖnYKvix wq jb hvi gv S cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi, cöv_wgk I MYwkÿv gš Yvjq, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw, mgvr mev Awa`ßi, AvBBAvi XvKv wek we` vjq, AvBBwWeª vk BDwbfvwm wu-mn Ab vb wewfbœ RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk Dbœqbg~jK ms v hviv wkÿv wb q KvR Ki Q Zv `i cöwzwbwaiv AskMÖnY K ib AvBbwUi wel q cö_ g GKwU wjwlz cöeü Dc vcb Kiv nq g~j cöeü Dc vc bi ci AvBbwUi wewfbœ Aa v qi Ici wfwë K i AskMÖnYKvixMY 4 wu QvU ` j wef³ n q AvB bi wewfbœ aviv I Dcaviv wb q wbweofv e Av jvpbv K ib cöwzwu ` ji `j bzv Ges i v cvwu qv ii GB Av jvpbv ch v jvpbvi Z_ jv wjwce K ib `jxq Av jvpbvi wfwë Z cövß Z_ I mycvwik-mg~n K mkj AskMÖnYKvix `i mv _ Dc vcb Kiv nq Ges mk ji gzvg Zi wfwë Z Abyôv bi `yb Rb mâvjk Zv `i i v cvwu qv ii mnvqzvq mycvwikgvjv wjwce K ib ciez x mg q G mkj mycvwikmg~n K GKwU cyy v½ cöwz e`b AvKv i cö Z K i evsjv `k mikv ii mswkøó gš Yvjq, mkj AskMÖnYKvix cöwzôvb, wkÿv wb q KvR Ki Q Ggb Ab vb mikvwi I emikvwi cöwzôvb Ges emikvwi D ` v M Lmov AvBb wb q KvR Ki Q Ggb cöwzôvb jv Z weziy Kiv nq GB Kg kvjvq AskMÖnYKvixiv GKxf Z wkÿvi Av jv K cö ÍvweZ wkÿv AvBb K `Lvi Póv K i Qb MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikv ii cöv_wgk I MYwkÿv gš Yvjq Ges wkÿv gš Yvj qi GKxf Z wkÿvi we ep welqmgyn K h ` wófw½ Z wba viy K i Q, mwub Lmov AvBb ch v jvpbvq e envi Kiv n q Q A_ vr b - Mvôx, cöwzeüx, wj½ Ges mvgvwrk myweavewâz wkï `i cvkvcvwk wkqz mvaviy cö Ívebvi wfwë Z Lmov AvBb ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q wpî -1GLmov AvBb ch v jvpbvq e eüz GKxf Z wkÿvi ÿ Î we ep welqmg~ ni GKwU aviyv cö`vb Kiv n q Q cöwzeüx wkï b - Mvôxmg~n RÛvi GKxf Z wkÿvi Av jv K we ep welqmg~n myweavewâz wkï mvaviy welqmg~n wpî -1: Lmov AvBb ch v jvpbvq e eüz GKxf Z wkÿvi ÿ Î we ep welqmg~n evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 23

26 cö ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBb 2013-ch v jvpbv cö ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBb 2013 ch v jvpbvi wfwë Z cªvß ms kvabx/ašífz w³/mycvwikmg~n Uwej- 1G Dc vwcz n q Q Uwej -1: cö ÍvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBb G cö ÍvweZ ms kvabx/ašífz w³/mycvwik welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv mvaviy cö Ívebv Aa vq: cöviw K I cö_g Aa vq (cövk-cöv_wgk I cöv_wgk wkÿv) - cö Ívebv cöviw K/ msáv 2(K) Lmov AvBb - h nzz cöv_wgk, gva wgk I D Pwkÿv Í i AvaywbK, gvbm Z, hy Mvc hvmx I cöhyw³-wbf i wkÿv e e v Mwoqv Zvjv mgxpxb... Ô gšwjk wkÿvõ ewj Z gva wgk wkÿvi c~e Íi ch ší mkj AvbyôvwbK wkÿv K eysvb e; cö ÍvweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik cy iv Lmovq ÔcÖwZewÜÕ evbvb-wu cöwzeüx n e h nzz cövk-cöv_wgk, cöv_wgk, gva wgk I D Pwkÿv Í i AvaywbK, gvbm Z, hy Mvc hvmx I cöhyw³-wbf i wkÿv e e v Mwoqv Zvjv mgxpxb... Ô gšwjk wkÿvõ Gi msáv AviI mywbw` ó Ki Z n e hšw³kzv evsjv GKv Wwg KZ K evbv bi wbqgvbyhvqx cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi wkÿve e vi GKwU iæz c~y Íi cöviw K/ msáv 2(P) cöviw K/ msáv 2(Q) ÔcvÖ K-cvÖ _wgk wkÿvõ ewj Z Pvi ermi nb Z Qq ermi chš Í eq mi wkÿv_x `i Rb wbav wiz gqv `i we` vjq c Ö w Zgj~ K wkÿv K esy vb e; ÔcÖv_wgK wkÿvõ ewj Z mvaviy wkÿvi Ges gv`ivmv wkÿvi cö_g köwy nb Z Aóg köwy ch ší wkÿv K eysvb e; ÔcÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvõ ewj Z 4+ I 5+ eq mi wkÿv_ x `i Rb wba vwiz gqv `i we` vjq cö ÍzwZg~jK wkÿv K eysvb e; ÔcÖv_wgK wkÿvõ ewj Z mvaviy wkÿvi Ges gv`ivmv wkÿvi cövkcöv_wgk mncö_g köwy nb Z Aóg köwy ch ší wkÿv K eysvb e; 4+ I 5+ Øviv eqmmxgv AviI we klvwqz nq h nzz ÔcÖvKcÖv_wgK wkÿvõ cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb cö wzg~jk 24 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

27 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb cöwzewüzv cöwzewüzv cöwzewüzv cöviw K/ msáv 2(T) cöviw K/ msáv 2(X) cöviw K/ msáv 2(X) c_ö g Aa vq/ 4(1) ÔmvÿiZvÕ ewj Z b ~ bzg chv q wjwl Z, cwo Z, MYbv Kwi Z Ges mnr welqe cwoqv ewy S Z cviv K esy vb e; ÔAšÍ f w³g~jk (Inclusive) wkÿvõ ewj Z wj½, ag, ey, fvlv, ÿz`ª b - Mvôx, cöwzewü, `vwi`ªcxwoz, wkl Y we kl Pvwn`vm úbœ wksev fš MvwjK ev cövk wzk wksev Ab Kvb Kvi Y ewâz wkïi mgmy hvmwfwëk wkÿvi AwaKvi I AbyK j cwi ek wbwðz Kiv eysvb e; Ôwe kl Pvwn`vg~jK wkÿvõ ewj Z kvixwik I gvbwmk cöwzewü wkÿv_ x I AwUw K wkïi wkÿv AR b cöwµqv K mnvqzv Kwievi D Ï k A_ev wkÿv_ xi we kl Kvb `ÿzv K mymsnz Kwievi j ÿ cwipvwjz wkÿv e e v K eysvb e; wkÿvi cwö Z wkï `i AvMnÖ x Kwiqv Zwz jevi j ÿ 4 ermi nb Z 6 ermi chš Í eq mi wkï `i `By ermi gqv `i we` vj q c Ö w Zgj~ K wkÿv c`ö v bi D Ï k cvö K- cvö _wgk wkÿv e e v Pvjy Kiv nb e cö ÍvweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik ÔmvÿiZvÕ ewj Z b~ bzg chv q cwo Z,wjwL Z, MYbv Kwi Z Ges mnr welqe cwoqv eyws Z cviv K eysvb e; ÔGKxf Z (Inclusive) wkÿvõ ewj Z wj½, ag, ey, fvlv, ÿz`ª b - Mvôx, cöwzeüx, `vwi`ª -cxwoz, wkl b we kl Pvwn`vm úbœ wksev fš MvwjK ev cövk wzk wksev Ab Kvb Kvi Y ewâz wkïi mgmy hvmwfwëk wkÿvi AwaKvi I AbyK j cwi ek wbwðz Kiv eysvb e; mkj ai bi cöwzewüzvi D jøl _vk Z n e RvZxq cöwzeüx Kj vy AvBb-2001 Gi bzzb ms i Y h 11 ai bi cöwzewüzvi K_v ejv n q Q Zvi me jv D jøl _vk Z n e wkÿvi cwö Z wkï `i AvMnÖ x Kwiqv Zwz jevi j ÿ 4 + I 5+ eqmx wkï `i `By ermi gqv `i we` vj q c Ö w Zgj~ K wkÿv c`ö v bi D Ï k cvö K-cvÖ _wgk wkÿv e e v Pvjy Kiv nb e Z e we kl Pvwn`vm úbœ wkï `i ÿ Î eqm wkw_j hvm nb e hšw³kzv wkÿvi avivevwnkzvq Av M Ôco Z cvivõ hvm ZvwU ARb Ki Z nq ÔGKxfZ~ (Inclusive) wkÿvõ kãwu GhverKvj mikvwi Ab vb bxwz Ges bw_ Z e envi Kiv n q Q hgb- RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010, cv Ö _wgk wkÿv Dbq œ b ck Ö í (PEDP II & III) RvZxq cöwzeüx Kj vy AvBb Gi mv _ mvgäm ivlevi Rb GB cwiez b Ki Z n e 4+ I 5+ Øviv eqmmxgv AviI we klvwqz nq Ges G Z K i mkj ai bi wkïi Rb cövkcöv_wgk wkÿv e e v wbwðz n e evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 25

28 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb cöwzewüzv mvaviy welq cöwzewüzv, myweav ewâz wkï Ges Y - Mvôx mg~n mvaviy welq mvaviy welq cö_g Aa vq /4(2) c_ö g Aa vq/ 4(3) cö_g Aa vq / 5(2) cö_g Aa vq / 6(4) cö_g Aa vq/ wkÿv aviv wbwe k l cvö _wgk wkÿv c_ö g kyö x nb Z Aóg kyö x cqš Í we Z Í nb e GB AvU ermi gqvw` cvö _wgk wkÿvi ÿ Î fwz hvm wkïi eqm nb e b ~ bgz 6 (Qq) ermi cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv A ezwbk I cöv_wgk wkÿvi AšÍf z³ nb e... cöv_wgk Í i ÿz`ª b - Mvôx I mkj ÿz`ª- RvwZmËvi Rb ^ ^ gvz fvlv wkÿvi e e v MÖnY Kiv nb e GKB mv _ cöwzewü, AwUw K, Kg Rxex I myweavewâz wkï `i AskMÖnY wbwðz Kwievi Rb Dchy³ e e v MÖnY Kiv nb e cövk-cöv_wgk, cöv_wgk Ges Be Z`vqx wkÿvi cvv µg I cvv m~wp cö ÍvweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik Z e we kl Pvwn`v m úbœ wkï `i ÿ Î eqm wk_xj hvm n e - GB evk wu GLv b mshy³ Ki Z n e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv A ezwbk I cö wzg~jk wn m e cöv_wgk wkÿvi AšÍfz ³ n e cövk-cöv_wgk I cöv_wgk Í ii mikvi KZ K wba vwiz wbw` ó köwy ch ší ÿz`ª b - Mvôx I mkj ÿz`ª-rvwzmëvi Rb gvz fvlv-wfwëk eûfvwlk wkÿve e v MÖnY Kiv nb e GKB mv _ mkj ai bi cöwzeüx, Kg Rxex I myweavewâz wkï `i AskMÖnY wbwðz Kwievi Rb Dchy³ e e v MÖnY Kiv nb e wkÿk-wkÿv_ x AbycvZ ch vqµ g 1:30 DbœxZ Kiv n e Ges 1g I 2q köwy Z 2Rb K i wkÿ Ki e e v _vk e cövk-cöv_wgk, cöv_wgk Ges Be Z`vwq wkÿvi wkÿvµg I cvv m~wp hšw³kzv GB evk Øviv mkj ai bi wkïi Rb cöv_wgk wkÿv e e v wbwðz n e gvzf vlv-wfwëk eûfvwlk wkÿv e e v n Q mb e e v hvi Øviv gvzf vlvi cvkvcvwk wkïiv Ab vb fvlvq cov- jlv Ki e mkj ai bi cwö ZewÜZvi g a RvZxq cwö ZeÜx Kj vy AvBb-2001 Gi bzbz ms i Y h 11 ai bi cwö ZewÜZvi K_v ejv n q Q Zvi me jv D jlø _vk Z n e ms hvrb wkÿvµg kãwu GLv b aviyvmzfv e Dchy³ 26 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

29 welq b - Mvôx mg~n mvaviy welq mvaviy welq cöwzewüzv mvaviy welq Aa vq/aviv cô v cö_g Aa vq /7(01) cö_g Aa vq /7 cö_g Aa vq /7(04) cö_g Aa vq /7(05) cö_g Aa vq /8(02) cö_g Aa vq /8(03) Lmov AvBb... ÿz`ª b - Mvôx wkÿv_x `i Rb mikvi KZ K wba vwiz wbw` ó kªyx ch ší ^ ^ gvz fvlv wkÿvi Rb cvv cȳ ÍK ˆZwi Kiv nb e - cöv_wgk wkÿv Í ii mkj aviv (mvaviy, gv`ivmv I wkûvimv U b) wbwe k l wbw` ó kªwyi cvv m~px Z evsjv, Bs irx, a gxq I ˆbwZK wkÿv... eva Zvg~jK nb e AwUw K...cªYq Yi e e v Kiv nb e cö_g kªyx Z fwz wd... hvb e bv...cö_g kªyx Z fwz i ÿ Î h mkj... MÖnY Kwi e c Ö ví wez ms kvabx AšfÍ w z ³/mcy vwik... ÿz`ª b - Mvôx wkÿv_ x `i Rb mikvi KZ K wbav wiz wbw` ó kªwy ch ší gvz fvlvwfwëk eûfvwlk wkÿvi Rb cvv cȳ ÍK ˆZwi Kiv n e cöv_wgk wkÿv Í ii wkÿvµg 1g-5g kªwy ch ší hvm ZvwfwËK hy Mvc hvmx K i GwU 8g kªwy ch ší hvm ZvwfwËK Kiv n e cvö _wgk wkÿv Í ii (1g- 5g kwª Y chš )Í mkj aviv (mvaviy, gv`ivmv I wkûvimv Ub ) wbwe k l wbw`ó kwª Yi cvv mw~ P Z evsjv, MwYZ, Bs iwr, evsjv `k I wek cwipq, cvö _wgk weávb (cwi ek cwiwpwz, Z_ -chö wy ³ I weávb), Pviæ I KviæKjv, kvixwik wkÿv I msmxz eva Zvgj~ K Kiv n e we kl Pvwn`vm úbœ wkÿv_x `i Rb cwipvwjz we klvwqz wkÿv cwö Zôv b c Ö hvr ÿ Î cvv mw~ P cbö q Yi e e v MnÖ Y Kiv n e, hv RvZxq wkÿvµ gi mnrxki Yi mv c ÿ n e cövk-cªv_wgkmn cö_g kªwy Z fwz wd Ges hvpvb cixÿv MÖnY Kiv hvb e bv... cövk-cöv_wgkmn cö_g kªwy Z hšw³kzv byzb GKwU c q U wn m e GwU K mshy³ Kivi mycvwik Kiv n jv byzb wkÿvµg Abyhvqx GB welq jv eva Zvg~jK cvö K- cvª _wgkmn- D jlø Kiv evãbxq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 27

30 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb cöwzewüzv mvaviy welq mvaviy welq mvaviy welq mvaviy welq mvaviy welq cö_g Aa vq /9(02) cö_g Aa vq /12(01) cö_g Aa vq /13(01) cö_g Aa vq /14 cö_g Aa vq /14 (01) cö_g Aa vq /14 (02) Av e`bkvix _vkv mv c ÿ AwUw K, kvixwik, I gvbwmk cöwzewü... KvUv msiÿy Kiv nb e cöv_wgk Í ii mkj wkÿv cöwzôv bi cö_g I wøzxq köwy Z...g~j vqb Kiv nb e cö_g nb Z câg kªwy cq ší wkÿkzvi ÿ Î... cöv_wgk wkÿvi wkÿk `i cöwkÿy...cö_g nb Z câg kªwy cq ší cvv`vbkvix wkÿk `i wkÿkzvi ÿ Î... cöv_wgk wkÿvi mkj Í i... cö ÍvweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik Av e`bkvix _vkv mv c ÿmkj ai bi cöwzeüx wkï `i... KvUv msiÿy Kiv n e cvö _wgk Í ii mkj wkÿv cwö Zôv bi c_ö g I wøzxq kwª Y Z avivevwnk gj~ vq bi Ici AwaK iæz w` Z n e ZZ xq _ K Aóg kwª Y chš Í avivevwnk gj~ vqb-mn Aae vwlk I evwlk...gj~ vqb Kiv n e cövk-cªv_wgkmn cö_g kªwy _ K câg kªwy ch ší wkÿkzvi ÿ Î... cövk-cªv_wgk I cöv_wgk wkÿvi wkÿk `i cöwkÿy...cövk-cªv_wgkmn cö_g kªwy _ K câg kªwy cq ší cvv`vbkvix wkÿk `i wkÿkzvi ÿ Î... Ges lô _ K Aóg kªwy ch ší cvv`vbkvix wkÿk `i Avewk Kfv e wegw/gg.gw wwwmö... mb mv _ cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq wb qvwrz wkÿk `i Rb we kl cöwkÿ Yi e e v Kiv n e ch vqµ g lô _ K Aóg kªwyi wkÿkmyi wegw/gggw Gi cwie Z ww cøvgv Bb GWy Kkb Ki eb cövk-cªv_wgkmn cöv_wgk wkÿv- GwU mshy³ Ki Z n e hšw³kzv mk ji AwaKvi wbwðz Kivi R b cövkcªv_wgkmn - D jøl Kiv evãbxq cövkcªv_wgkmn - D jøl Kiv evãbxq 28 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

31 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb mvaviy welq cwö ZewÜZv, mwy eav ewâz wkï Ges Y- Mvôx mgn~ mvaviy welq mvaviy welq mvaviy welq mvaviy welq mvaviy welq cö_g Aa vq /14 (03) cö_g Aa vq /14 cö_g Aa vq /14 (06) cö_g Aa vq /16 cö_g Aa vq /16 cö_g Aa vq /16 (02) cö_g Aa vq / we kl Pvwn`vm úbœ wkÿv_x `i... - b vkbvj GKv Wwg di cövbgvwi...e e v MÖnY Kiv nb e cöv_wgk wkÿv Í ii cökvmb cöv_wgk wkÿv Í ii cökvmb cövk-cöv_wgk I cöv_wgk wkÿv Í ii... vcb Kiv nb e - cö ÍvweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik GB c q UwU Zz j dj Z n e wkÿk cöwkÿ Y GKxf~Z (Inclusive) wkÿvi welqwu AšÍf ³ Ki Z n e b vkbvj GKv Wwg di cövbgvwi... e e v MÖnY Kiv n e mb mv _ mswkøó ckvwfwëk wkÿv I M elyvag x cöwzôvb K Gi mv _ mshy³ Kiv n e AvBBAvi, XvKv wek we` vjq K wkÿv M elyv I ckvrxex ˆZwii g Wj wn m e ˆZwi Ki Z n e cövk-cöv_wgk I cöv_wgk wkÿv Í ii cökvmb cövk-cöv_wgk I cöv_wgk wkÿv Í ii cökvmb cövk-cöv_wgk I cöv_wgk wkÿv Í ii cöwzwu mikvwi I emikvwi wkÿv cöwzôvb K AwaKZi Kvh Ki Kievi Rb we` gvb cöv_wgk wkÿv ev Íevqb, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb BDwbU K cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii AvIZvq Avbv n e h nzz cöv_wgk wkÿv Aóg köwy ch ší DbœxZ Kiv n q Q ZvB cövkcöv_wgk I cöv_wgk wkÿvi cökvmb K c~bm Vb Kiv nvk hšw³kzv wkÿk cwö kÿ Yi mv _ mvgäm cy~ bq - GwU mshy³ Kiv cö qvrb cöv_wgk wkÿv ev Íevqb, cwiexÿy I g~j vqb BDwbU we` gvb evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 29

32 Aa vq: wøzxq Aa vq (DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv, eq wkÿv I Rxebe vcx wkÿv) welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb cöwzewüzv b - Mvôx mg~n RÛvi myweavewâz wkï mvaviy welq wøzxq Aa vq 7 18 wkÿvi my hvm nb Z ewâz mkj eqmx bvix-cyiæl, AbMÖmi GjvKvi emevmkvix I `ȳ Rb Mvôxi hye I hye gwnjv `i Rb Ae vnz wkÿv I Rxebe vcx wkÿvi AvIZvq e wë I Kg ms vbg~jk cöwkÿ Yi e e v MÖnY Kiv nb e cö ÍvweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik 18 wkÿvi my hvm _ K ewâz mkj eqmx bvixcyiæl, AbMÖmi GjvKvi emevmkvix, `ȳ I cªwzeüx Rb Mvôxi hye I hye gwnjv `i Rb Ae vnz wkÿv I Rxebe vcx wkÿvi AvIZvq e wë I Kg ms vbg~jk cöwkÿ Yi e e v MÖnY Kiv n e G AvB bi mwvk ev Íevq bi Rb DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvq ÿz`ª b - Mvôxi GKxf Z Kivi bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e G AvB bi mwvk ev Íevq bi Rb DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvq RÛvi-mgZvi bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e G AvB bi mwvk ev Íevq bi Rb DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvq myweavewâz wkï `i GKxf ZKivi bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi Rb G AvB bi mwvk ev Íevq bi D Ï k GKxf Z wkÿv-welqk bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e hšw³kzv 30 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

33 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb cöwzewüzv Z Zxq 8 Aa vq H H H Aa vq: Z Zxq Aa vq (gva wgk wkÿv) 21 gva wgk wkÿvi cvv µg I cvv mw~ P: (1) mvsweavwbk eva evakzv wbwðzki Yi D Ï k gva wgk Í ii wkÿv e e vi wzbwu aviv h_v- mvaviy, gv`ªvmv I KvwiMwi aviv mg~ n mgzvi wfwë m wói j ÿ gšwjk welq mg~n h_v:- evsjv, Bs irx, evsjv `k vwwr, mvavib MwYZ I Z_ cöhyw³ wkÿvq Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvv m~px eva Zvg~jK Kiv nb e Ges GB mkj wel q Awfbœ cökœ c Î cixÿvi e e v MÖnY Kiv nb e (3) AwUwóK, kvixwik I gvbwmk cwö ZeÜx wkÿv_x `i Rb we kl e e v cbvq cvv µg I cvv mw~ P cyö qb Kiv n e (5) RvZxq cvv µg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw gva wgk Í ii wkÿvµg I cvv m~px cöbqb Kwi e 22 gva wgk Í ii wkÿvi avivmgn~ : cö ÍvweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik 21 gva wgk wkÿvi cvv µg I cvv m~wp: (1) mvsweavwbk eva evakzv wbwðzki Yi D Ï k gva wgk Í ii wkÿv e e v i wzbwu aviv h_v- mvaviy, gv`ivmv I KvwiMwi aviv-mg ~ n mgzvi wfwë mw ói j ÿ gšwjk welqmgn~ h_v:- evsjv, Bs iwr, evsjv `k vwwr, mvaviy MwYZ I Z_ ch Ö wy ³ wkÿvq Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvv mw~ P eva Zvgj~ K Kiv n e Ges GB mkj wel q Awfbœ ck Ö cœ Î cixÿvi e e v Mn Ö Y Kiv n e G ÿ Î cw Ö ZeÜx wkÿv_x `i c Ö qvrb Abhy vqx ck Ö -œ c Îi fvlv mnrkiy Ges cixÿv-e e v q c Ö qvrb Abhy vqx we kl bgbxq e e v wbwðz Kwi Z n e (3) köey, ` wó, kvixwik, eyw, I AwUw K cöwzeüx `i wkÿv_ x `i Rb RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv m~wp Z cö qvrb Abyhvqx bgbxq e e v MÖnY Kwi Z n e (5) RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw gva wgk Í ii cöwzeüx wkÿv_x mn mkj wkÿv_x `i Rb wkÿvµg I cvv m~wp cöyqb Ki e 22 gva wgk Í ii wkÿvi avivmg~n: hšw³kzv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 31

34 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb H H 9 H K) mvaviy wkÿv: (1) wkÿk-wkÿv_x AbycvZ ch vqµ g 1:30 DbœxZ Kiv nb e (2) môy z cvv`v bi Rb wkÿv cwö Zôv bi mvwek AeKvVv gv Dbq&œ b mvab Kiv nb e Ges c Ö qvrbxq wkÿv- DcKi Yi cvö c Zv wbwðz Kiv nb e (3) cwö ZwU wkÿv cwö Zôv b DbZœ gv bi GKwU MšÖ v Mv ii Ges Ljvajy vi mviävg- Gi e e v Kiv nb e... M) ew Ëgj~ K, KvwiMwi I Z_ chö wy ³ wkÿv: (6) AwUwóK wkïmn kvixwik I gvbwmk cöwzeüx wkÿv _x `i KvwiMwi I e wëg~jk wkÿvq fwz i Rb we kl KvUv msiÿy Kiv nb e 24 gva wgk/`vwlj Z i fwzi ÿ Î we` vj qi KZe : (1)gva wgk/ `vwlj Í ii beg kwö Y Z fwzi Av e`bkv j wkÿv_xi Rb Rwy bqi jz mvwuw d KU ev cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik K) mvaviy wkÿv : (1) wkÿk-wkÿv_x AbycvZ ch vqµ g 1:30 DbœxZ Kiv n e Ges cöwzeüx wkÿv_x `i Rb cö qvrb Abyhvqx köwy Z `y Rb wkÿ Ki e e v Ki Z n e (2) myôz cvv`v bi Rb wkÿv cöwzôv bi mvwe K cöwzeüx-evüe AeKvVv gv Dbœqb mvab Kiv n e Ges cö qvrbxq wkÿv- DcKi Yi cövc Zv wbwðz Kiv n e (3) cwö ZwU wkÿv cwö Zôv b DbZœ gv bi GKwU MšÖ v Mv ii Ges Ljvajy vi miävg-gi e e v Kiv n e G ÿ Î Aek B cwö ZeÜx-evÜe MšÖ v Mvi Ges Ljvajy vi miävg wbwðz Ki Z n e... M) e wëg~jk, KvwiMwi I Z_ cöhyw³ wkÿv: (6) köey, ` wó, kvixwik, eyw I gvbwmk cöwzeüx wkÿv_ x `i Rb KvwiMwi I e wëg~jk wkÿvq fwz i Rb 10% KvUv msiÿy Kiv n e 24 gva wgk/`vwlj Í i fwz i ÿ Î we` vj qi KZ e : (1)gva wgk/`vwlj Í ii beg köwy Z fwz i Av e`bkv j wkÿv_x i Rb Rywbqi zj mvwu wd KU ev mggv bi cixÿv cv mi mb` Ges hšw³kzv 32 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

35 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb cöwzewüzv RÛvi myweavewâz wkï mggv bi cixÿv cv ki mb` Ges GKv`k/Avwjg kwö Y Z fwzi ÿ Î GmGmwm A_ev mggv bi cixÿv cv ki mb` `vwlj eva Zvgj~ K nb e fwzi ÿ Î cvewjk cixÿv I fwz cixÿvi djvdj we epbv Kwiqv wkÿv_x `i Dch³y wkÿv cwö Zôv b fwzi e e v MnÖ Y Kiv nb e 25 cixÿv I gj~ vqb: (3) gva wgk wkÿvi mkj avivq Avewk K welqmg ~ n chvµ g Awfbœ ckö cœ Î Abmy iy Kiv nb e cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik GKv`k/ Avwjg köwy Z fwz i ÿ Î GmGmwm A_ev mggv bi cixÿv cv mi mb` `vwlj eva Zvg~jK n e fwz i ÿ Î cvewjk cixÿv I fwz cixÿvi djvdj we epbv K i wkÿv_x `i Dchy³ wkÿv cöwzôv b fwz i e e v MÖnY Kiv n e Z e G ÿ Î cöwzeüx wkÿv_x `i Rb we kl bgbxqzv ev KvUv e e v wbwðz Ki Z n e 25 cixÿv I g~j vqb: (3) gva wgk wkÿvi mkj avivq Avewk K welqmg~ n chv µ g Awfbœ cökœcî AbymiY Kiv n e G ÿ Î cöwzeüx wkÿv_ x `i cö qvrb Abyhvqx cökœc Îi fvlv mnrkiy wbwðz Kwi Z n e G AvB bi mwvk ev Íevq bi Rb gva wgk wkÿvq ÿz`ª b - Mvôxi GKxf~Z Kivi bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e G AvB bi mwvk ev Íevq bi Rb gva wgk wkÿvq RÛvi-mgZvi bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e G AvB bi mwvk ev Íevq bi Rb gva wgk wkÿvq myweavewâz wkï `i GKxf~Z Kivi bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e hšw³kzv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 33

36 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb mvaviy welq 9 L) gv`ivmv wkÿv: (4)wkÿvi ZvwËK I cvö qvwmk Ávb Ges `ÿzv ARb wbwðzk í gva wgk chv q Kgi Z gv`ivmv wkÿk `i we.gg.gw wwwmö AR bi e e v - MnÖ Ymn bzbz wb qvmcvö ß `i ÿ Î wbav wiz mgqmxgvi g a we.gg.gw wwwmö ARb eva Zvgj~ Z Kiv nb e cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik L) gv`ivmv wkÿv: (4)GKxf~Z wkÿvi ZvwË K I cöv qvwmk Ávb Ges `ÿzv AR b wbwðzk í gva wgk chv q Kg iz gv`ivmv wkÿk `i we.gg.gw wwwmö AR bi e e v-mönymn bzzb wb qvmcövß `i ÿ Î wba vwiz mgqmxgvi g a we.gg.gw wwwmö AR b eva Zvg~jZ Kiv n e gv`ivmv wkÿv e e vqi cöwzeüx, ÿỳ ª b - Mvôxi, Am Qj cwiev ii wkïiv hb jlvcov Ki Z cv i mrb mkj ÿ Î cö qvrbxq e e v MÖnY Ki Z n e (Avjv`v GKwU Ab y Q` K i ms hvrb Ki Z n e) hšw³kzv Aa vq: PZz_ Aa vq (D P wkÿv) welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb 4_ Aa vq 4_ Aa vq (2): ` ki mkj Í ii...fwzi e e v Kwi e 33 (3): Pvi erm ii vœ ZK (m vb) wwwm Ö K... hvm Zv wbav iy Ki Z cvwi e cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik 33 (2): ` ki mkj Í ii...fwzi e e v Ki e c Ö qvrb ev a GKxfZ~ wkÿvi AvIZvq mkj ai bi we kl Pvwn`vm úb,œ ÿ`z ª b- Mvôx Ges mwy eav-ewâz wkÿv_x `i Rb bgbxq bxwzgvjv Abmy iy Kiv n e Ges KvUv wbav iy Kiv n e 33 (3): GB avivwu 44 (3) G biqv h Z cv i hšw³kzv GB avivwu mwy bw`ó fv e wkÿk wb qv Mi welqwu wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q 34 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

37 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb 4_ Aa vq 4_ Aa vq 4_ Aa vq 4_ Aa vq 4_ Aa vq 4_ Aa vq 4_ Aa vq (4): mikvwi I emikvwi K jr...cwö kÿ Yi e e v Kiv nb e 36 (2): v^ mevi Avawy bkvq b... e e v MnÖ Y Kiv nb e 37 (3): AwUw K wkïmn...we kl e e v MnÖ Y Kiv nb e 41 (3): D P wkÿv...wb `k bv Abhy vqx wbav iy Kwi Z nb e 43 vœ ZK I vœ Z KvËi chv q... Avbqb Kiv nb e cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik 33 (3): GB avivwu 45 (3) G biqv h Z cv i 36 (2) KvD Ýwjs G vû MvB WÝ AšÍf z³ Kiv 37 (3): AwUw K wkïmn...we kl e e v MnÖ Y Kiv n e we kl Pvwn`vm úbœ wkÿv_x `i Rb c Ö qvrbxq we kl chö wy ³i e envi wbwðz Kiv n e we.`ª: ÔkvixwiK I gvbwmk cöwzewüõ-gi cwie Z me ai bi cöwzeüx `i D jøl Ki Z n e 41 (3): D P wkÿv...wb ` kbv Abyhvqx wba viy Ki Z n e cö qvrb ev a we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ Ges myweav ewâz wkÿv_ x `i Rb ezb gikzd Kiv 42 (4): cvewjk I cövb fu wek we` vj qi wkÿvµg mvgäm c~y Kiv n e 42 (5): D P wkÿvi ÿ Î emikvwi wek we` vjqmg~ n GKxf~Z wkÿvi bxwzgvjv-abymiy K i we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ wkÿv_x `i we kl myweav cö`vb Kiv n e 43 œvzk I œvz KvËi ch v q... Avbqb Kiv n e cö qvrb ev a wewfbœ ai bi cöwzeüx hšw³kzv GB avivwu Z mywbw` ófv e wkÿk `i cöwkÿy wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q AwZwi³ AwZwi³ evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 35

38 - welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb * - mvaviy welq 4_ Aa vq cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik wkÿv_x `i Rb wekí g~j vqb c wzi e e v Kiv n e vœ Z KvËi chv q cixÿv c wzi cwie Z cvö qvwmk, we klø Yagx, mr bkxj gj~ vqb c wz K iæz `Iqv n e # mkj cvewjk I cvö B fu wekw e` vj q wkÿv wel q vœ ZK I vœ Z KvËi Kvhµ g Pvjy Kiv n e # mkj wkÿv cwö Zôv b GKxfZ~ wkÿv-evüe c Ö ekmg, wbivc` cwi ek wbwðz Kiv n e # cwö ZwU wekw e` vj q cwö ZeÜx wkÿv_x `i we kl Pvwn`v ci~ Y Kivi Rb cwö ZeÜx mv cvu m Uvi cwö Zôv Kiv n e # dwjz welqmg ~ n eva Zvgj~ K B Uvbw kc e e v Pvjy Kiv n e # D P wkÿvi mkj aviv I cwö Zôv bi Rb G AvB bi mwvk ev eí vq bi D Ï k GKxfZ~ wkÿv-welqk bxwzgvjv _vk Z n e hšw³kzv Aa vq: câg Aa vq (wewea welqvejx) welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv cö ÍweZ ms kvabx Lmov AvBb AšÍfz w³/mycvwik cöwzewüzv 5g Aa vq (1): cvö _wgk I gva wgk Í i kvixwik I µxov wkÿvi cmö v ii Rb chv qµ g cwö ZwU wkÿv cwö Zôv b GKRb ciy æl I GKRb gwnjv 48 (1): cöv_wgk I gva wgk Í i kvixwik I µxov wkÿvi cömv ii Rb ch vqµ g cöwzwu wkÿv cöwzôv b GKRb cyiæl I GKRb gwnjv µxov wkÿk wb qv Mi e e v hšw³kzv 36 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

39 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq µxov wkÿk wb qv Mi e e v MnÖ Y Kiv nb e 49 (1): cvö _wgk I gva wgk chv qi mkj wkÿv cwö Zôv b Q j `i Rb e qr vdu Ges g q `i Rb Mvj- MvBW wkÿvi e e v Kiv nb e 49 (2): ` ki mkj UKwbK vj jz I K jr, cwj UKwbK Bbw wudu, K jr I wekw e` vj q wegbwmwm Ges ivfvi vdu Gi kvlv cwö Zôv Kiv nb e 50 (3): mncvv µwgk Kvhµ g wnmv e wkÿv_xi mvs w ZK wekvk I evsjv ` ki Av_- mvgvwrk I fš MvwjK cwiw w Zi cwi cwö ÿ Z wewfbœ Rxeb-`ÿZvgj~ K welqmgn~ AšfÍ ³z Kiv nb e cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik MÖnY Kiv n e Giv mvavib wkïi mv _ mv _ mkj ai bi cöwzeüx wkï KI hv Z cöwkÿy cö`vb Ki Z cv i m j ÿ Kvh Ki e e v MÖnY Kiv n e 49 (1): cöv_wgk I gva wgk ch v qi mkj wkÿv cöwzôv b wkÿv_x `i Rb Kve, nj ` cvwl, e qr vdu Ges Mvj -MvBW wkÿvi e e v Kiv n e G ÿ Î mkj ai bi cöwzeüx wkïi AskMÖn Yi welqwu wbwðz Kwi Z n e 49 (2): ` ki mkj UKwbK vj zj I K jr, cwj UKwbK Bbw wudu, K jr I wek we` vj q wegbwmwm Ges ivfvi vdu Gi kvlv cöwzôv Kiv nb e G ÿ Î mkj ai bi cöwzeüx wkïi AskMÖn Yi welqwu wbwðz Ki Z n e 50 (3): mn-cvv µwgk Kvh µg wnmv e mkj wkÿv_x i mvs wzk wekvk I evsjv ` ki Av_ mvgvwrk I fš MvwjK cwiw wzi cwi cöwÿ Z wewfbœ Rxeb-`ÿZvg~jK welqmg~n AšÍf z³ Kiv n e GmKj mncvv µwgk Kvh µgmg~ n mkj ai bi cöwzeüx wkïi mwµq AskMÖn Yi welqwu wbwðz Ki Z n e hšw³kzv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 37

40 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb RÛvi myweavewâz wkï mvaviy welq 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq (3): bvix wkÿv_x `i Rb Dch³y fšz AeKvVv gv I mvgvwrk cvwicvwkk Zv wbwðz Kwievi e e v biqv nb e 47 (4): gva wgk Í ii ïiæ Z beg kwö Yi cvv µ g RÛvi vwwr Ges crö bb v^ AšfÍ ³ z Kiv nb e - - cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik 53 (3): bzzb ms hvrb: v bxq nvmcvzvj wksev v^ K `iª Wv³vi, mswkóø GjvKvi v^ Kgx, RbcwÖ Zwbwa, wkÿk Ges wkÿv KgK Zv `i mgš ^ q GKwU we kl wug MVb Kiv h Z cv i hviv Zv `i AvIZvf³z cwö ZwU we` vj q eq ii Kvb GKwU wbw`ó mgq cwö ZeÜx wkï kbv³ Ki e Ges Zv `i Rb hw` Kvb we kl mnvqzv wksev we kl mnvqk h ši c Ö qvrb nq Zvi mcy vwik Ki e 47 (3): bvix wkÿv_x `i Rb Dchy³ fšz AeKvVv gv, mvgvwrk cvwicvwk KZv I wbivcëv wbwðz Kievi e e v biqv n e 47 (4): gva wgk Í ii ïiæ Z beg köwyi cvv µ g RÛvi vwwr Ges cörbb ^v welq AšÍfz ³ Kiv n e 47 (6): bzzb ms hvrb: wkÿvi mkj Í i bvixcyiæl we f ` mgzv I mvg Zv wbwðz Kivi weavb MÖnY Kiv n e 48 (6): bzzb ms hvrb: kvixwik I µxov wkÿvi ÿ Î RÛvi mgzv, mkj ai bi cwö ZeÜx wkïi mgaskmnö Y wbwðz Kiv n e hšw³kzv 38 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

41 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq (1): Bs iwr gva gi wkÿv cwö Zôvb e ZxZ mvaviy wkÿvi mkj avivq cvö K-cvÖ _wgk, cvö _wgk Ges gva wgk šz i wkÿvi gva g nb e evsjv 51 (4): wkÿv evwm g ~ ni KgK Zv I KgP vix `i Kg` ÿzv I MwZkxjZv ew i Rb c Ö qvrbxq cwö kÿ Yi e e v Kiv nb e Ges ckö vmwbk v^ _ h _vch³y KZc ÿi Ab y gv`b mv c ÿ Avš:Í evw e`wji e e v MnÖ Y Kiv nb e 52 (1): wkÿv msµvší wm vší- MnÖ Y cwö µqvq wkÿv_x, AwffveK I v bxq Rbmvavi Yi AskMnÖ Yi m y hvm mw ó Kiv nb e we kl Kwiqv we` vj q môy z e e v cbvq wkïi mwµq AskMnÖ Y wbwðz Kiv n e cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik 50 (1): Bs iwr gva gi wkÿv cwö Zôvb e ZxZ mvaviy wkÿvi mkj avivq cvö K-cvÖ _wgk, cvö _wgk Ges gva wgk š Í i wkÿvi gva g n e evsjv cvkvcvwk wkÿvi mkj Í i GKB wkÿvµ gi AvIZvq Bs iwr fvm b wklb- klv bv Kvhµ gi m y hvm _vk Z n e Z e, hmkj wkÿv_xi gvzf vlv evsjv bq mmkj ÿ Î gvzf vlvwfwëk eûfvwlk wkÿv Kvhµ g (Multilingual education) Gi AvIZvq mikvi KZK wbav wiz wbw`ó kwö Y chš Í wklb- klv bv Kvhµ g cwipvjbv Ki Z n e 51 (4): wkÿv evw mg~ ni Kg KZ v I Kg Pvix `i Kg `ÿzv I MwZkxjZv Ges GKxf Z wkÿvi aviyv e w i Rb cö qvrbxq cöwkÿ Yi e e v Kiv n e Ges cökvmwbk ^v _ h _vchy³ KZ c ÿi Aby gv`b mv c ÿ AvšÍ: evw e`wji e e v MÖnY Kiv n e 52 (1): wkÿv msµvší wm vší MnÖ Y cwö µqvq wkÿv_x, wkÿk, AwffveK I v bxq Rbmvavi Yi AskMnÖ Yi m y hvm mw ó Kiv n e we kl K i we` vj q môy z e e v cbvq wkïi mwµq AskMnÖ Y wbwðz Kiv n e G ÿ Î cwö ZeÜx wkï I Zv `i AwffveK `i AskMnÖ Y wbwðz Ki Z n e hšw³kzv evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 39

42 welq Aa vq/aviv c ôv Lmov AvBb 5g Aa vq 5g Aa vq (4): mkj wkÿv cwö Zôv bi wkÿk- AwffveK Ges QvÎ- QvÎx `i Rb AvPiY wewagvjv cyö qb Kiv nb e ÔAšfÍ w z ³gj~ KÕ k ãi e envi - ÔcwÖ ZewÜÕ k ãi e envi cö ÍweZ ms kvabx AšÍfz w³/mycvwik 52 (4): i mkj wkÿv cöwzôv bi wkÿk- AwffveK Ges QvÎ- QvÎx `i Rb AvPiY wewagvjv cöyq b GKxf Z wkÿvi aviyv we epbv Kiv n e 56 (8): bzzb ms hvrb: cövk-cöv_wgk, cöv_wgk, gva wgk Ges D Pwkÿvmn wkÿvi mkj ší i wkÿk cöwkÿ Y GKxf Z wkÿv Aek B AšÍfz ³ _vk e cy iv WKz g U ÔAšÍf ~w³g~jkõ k ãi cwie Z ÔGKxf ZÕ kã e eüz n e cy iv WKz g U ÔcÖwZewÜÕ k ãi cwie Z ÔcÖwZeÜxÕ kã e eüz n e hšw³kzv Av jvpbv I Dcmsnvi evsjv ` k GKxf Z wkÿv msµvší wewfbœ M elyv hgb, AvRg, Avnmvb I mvc`, 2009; Avnmvb, 2006; Ahsan (2013) Ges Ahsan & Mullick (2013) cöf wzi djvdj ch v jvpbv Ki j `Lv hvq h GKxf Z wkÿv-evüe AvBb I bxwzgvjv cöyq bi ÿ Î evsjv `k ek cöksmbxq AMÖMwZ AR b K i Q Z e GmKj M elyvi djvdj we køly _ K GwUI cözxqgvb nq h, evsjv ` k AvBb I bxwzgvjv-mgy ni wkqzwkqz aviv-dcaviv GKxf Z wkÿvi AbyK~ j bq cö ÍvweZ wkÿv AvBb 2013 Gi aviv Dcaviv-mg~ ni Dci DwjøwLZ ch v jvpbv _ K ejv hvq h, GKxf Z wkÿvi mwvk I mdj ev Íevq bi j ÿ AvBbwUi aviv Dcavivmg~ ni wkqz wkqz As k ms kvab I cwigvr b AZ ší Riæwi GKxf Z wkÿv-mswkøó welq-mg~n K we epbvq i L wewfbœ ch v qi e w³ `i mgš^ q w`be vcx Kg kvjvi gva g cövß h mywbw` ó mycvwikgvjv cöeüwu Z D jøl Kiv n q Q Zv hw` h_vh_ KZ cÿ iæ Z i mv _ we epbv K ib Z e wbtm ` n Avgiv GKwU hy Mvc hvmx GKxf Z wkÿv-evüe wkÿv AvBb cve h Kvb AvB bi ev Íe cö qvmb AvBbwUi D Ïk AR bi g~j PvweKvwV mv úªwzk GKxf Z wkÿv-welqk M elyv [ hgb, Ahmmed, Sharma & Deppeler, 2012; Ahsan, Deppeler, & Sharma, 2013] _ K cözxqgvb nq h, evsjv ` k GKxf Z wkÿvevüe AvBb I bxwzgvjv _vkv m Z I G `i cöv qvwmk ÿîmg~ n GLbI mdjzv AR bi c _ A bk P v jä we` gvb Kv RB, cö ZvweZ Lmov wkÿv AvBbÑ 2013 hw` mdjfv e GKxf Z wkÿv ev Zevq b fzwgkv ivl Z cv i, 40 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

43 Z e Avkv Kiv hvq h evsjv ` ki mkj wkï I bvmwik gvbm Z wkÿv AR bi gva g we k i `iev i GKwU GKxf Z mgvr MV bi ` óvší m wó Ki Z cvi e Z_ m~î AvRg, m. Avnmvb, gvnv ` ZvwiK I mvc`, Av.(2009).evsjv ` ki wøzxq cöv_wgk wkÿv Dbœqb Kg m~wp I GKxf~Z wkÿv evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkx, el 6, msl v 2, c Avnmvb, gvnv ` ZvwiK (2006). gj~ avivi wkÿv I we kl Pvwn`vm úbœ wkï evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkx, el 4, msl v 1, c Ÿ Ahmmed, M., Sharma, U.& Deppeler, J. (2012).Variables affecting teachers attitudes towards inclusive education in Bangladesh.Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 12 (3), Ÿ Ahsan, M. T. (2013). National baseline study for developing a model of inclusive primary education in Bangladesh project based on secondary data. Dhaka: Plan Bangladesh. Ÿ Ahsan, M. T., Deppeler, J., & Sharma, U. (2013).Predicting pre-service teachers preparedness for inclusive education: Bangladeshi pre-service teachers attitudes and perceived teaching-efficacy for inclusive education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 43 (4), DOI: / X Ÿ Ahsan, M. T. & Mullick, J. (2013). The journey towards inclusive education in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned. Prospects, 43(2), DOI /s Ÿ DPE (2005).Second primary education development programme (PEDP II): Situational analysis, strategies and action plan for mainstreaming special needs children s education. Dhaka: DPE. Ÿ DPE (2011).Third primary education development programme (PEDP3): Main document. Dhaka: DPE. Ÿ MOE (2010).The national education policy Dhaka: The Government of Bangladesh. Ÿ MOE (2013).The proposed draft education act Dhaka: Law Cell, MOE. Ÿ MOPME (1990).The compulsory primary education act Dhaka: MOPME. Ÿ MOPME (2003).Learning for change: Education for all national plan of action ( ). Dhaka: Ministry of Primary and Mass Education (MOPME), Government of the Peoples' Republic of Bangladesh. Ÿ MOWCA. (2011). The national child policy Dhaka: Government of Bangladesh. Ÿ MSW (2001).The Bangladesh persons with disabilities welfare act Dhaka: BG Press. Ÿ TQI-SEP (2006).Putting quality into TQI: The role of a quality assurance framework. Dhaka: TQI-SEP. Ÿ UNESCO. (1994). Salamanca statement and framework for action on special education needs. Paris: United Nations. evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 41

44 evsjv ` ki gva wgk we` vj qi cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ x `i KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbZv wekv ki my hvm * gvt LvBiæj Bmjvg ** D gȳ Ívix wzw_ mvims ÿc evsjv ` ki gva wgk we` vj qi cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ x `i KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbZv wekv ki my hvm AbymÜv bi j ÿ bgybv cvv cȳ Í Ki welqe i (Content) YMZ we køl Yi gva g M elyv Kg wu m úv`b Kiv nq D Ïk g~jk bgybvq bi gva g beg `kg köwyi Ôevsjv `k I wek cwipqõ Ges Ô cšibxwz I bvmwikzvõ cvv cȳ ÍK `yõwu M elyvi ÿî wn m e wba viy Kiv nq M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq h bgybv cvv cȳ Í K KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m úwk Z wewfbœ welq Av jvkcvz Kiv n ji A bk iæz c~y welq Av jvpbvq cövavb cvqwb mv _ mv _ Dfq cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ x `i g~j eva I `ÿzv wekv ki P q Ávbg~jK wekv ki cöwz ewk iæz `Iqv n q Q ZË I Z_ MZ wewfbœ welq cvv cȳ Í K Av jvwpz n ji cwiev i, we` vj q Ges mgv R KZ e eva I gvbevwakv ii wewfbœ e envwik w`k iæz mnkv i Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb 1. cuf wg I M elyvi hšw³kzv evsjv `k GKwU MYZvwš K `k n ji ^vaxbzv jv fi ci _ K wewfbœ mg q G ` ki MYZš bvbv mgm vi gy LvgywL n q Q (Ahmed, 2002) Ab w` K evsjv ` ki UKmB MYZ š i cöwzeükzv wn m e bvmwi Ki AwaKvi m PbZvi Afve Ges KZ e cvj b Ae njv iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i (IDEA, 2004) MYZ š i wekv k wkÿvi f wgkv me Rb ^xk Z GKwU ` ki Av`k wkÿve e vi gva g m ` ki MYZš UKmB Kiv m e (Khan, 2007) cök Zc ÿ GKwU ` ki mvgwmök Dbœq bi g~j PvwjKv kw³ n jv wkÿv hy Mvc hvmx wkÿvi gva g we k i wewfbœ `k DbœwZi Pig wkl i Av ivny Ki Q mg qvc hvmx wkÿvbxwz cöyqb K i evsjv ` ki wkÿve e vi mb Bw½Z enb Ki Q Avgv `i ` k wewfbœ mvgvwrk mgm v hgb- evj weevn, RbmsL v mgm v, bvix wbh vzb, wk kvi Aciva G jvi Ab Zg KviY n jv mgv Ri gvby li AwaKvi I KZ e m ú K m PZbZvi Afve (ingvb, 2002) wkÿv GKw` K gvbyl K hgb AwaKvi m ú K m PZb K i, Zgwb KZ e ev a DØy K i myzivs wkÿvi gva g AwaKvi-m PZb I KZ e civqy mybvmwik m wó m e RvZxq wkÿvbxwz-2010 G m m ú K mȳ úó wb ` kbv i q Q hv wkÿvi jÿ I D Ï k i gva g cöwzdwjz n q Q (wkÿv gš Yvjq, 2010) GgbwK RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010 G KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbvZv K mybvmwi Ki Yvewj wn m e D jøl Kiv n q Q (wkÿv gš Yvjq, 2010) * mnkvix Aa vck, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq ** mnkvix Aa vck, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek we` vjq 42 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

45 h_vh_ cye cwikíbv cöyqb Ges Gi myôy ev Íevq bi Ici wbf i K i GKwU ` ki wkÿv Kvh µ gi mdjzv Avi GB cwikíbvb n jv wkÿvµg (GbwmwUwe, 2012) wkÿv_ x `i AvMÖn, cöeyzv, mvg_, AwfÁZv I wklb Pvwn`vi mv _ mgvr, `k I AvšÍR vwzk cwiw wz we epbvq i L Ges RvZxq wkÿvbxwz-2010 Gi gšwjk wb ` kbv I D Ïk Abyhvqx RvZxq wkÿvµg cöyqb Kiv n q Q (GbwmwUwe, 2012) bzzb wkÿvµ gi ˆewkó D jøl Ki Z wm q ingvb (2012) gšíe K ib h bzzb wkÿvµ g Ávb, `ÿzv I g~j eva wekv ki ch vß e e v ivlv n q Q Avi bzzb wkÿvµ gi Av jv K cöyxz cvv cȳ ÍK ez gvb mviv evsjv ` k e envi Kiv n Q myzivs G K_v úófv e ejv hvq h, wkÿvi jÿ I D Ïk ev Íevq bi Ab Zg cöavb e envwiknvwzqvi n jv cvv cȳ ÍK Avi RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi Av jv K iwpz gva wgk we` vj qi cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ xi KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbZv wekv ki Rb Kvb Kvb welh Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Ges wkfv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Zv AbymÜvb Kiv GKwU mg qvc hvmx AMÖvwaKvi we epbv K i GB M elyv Kg wu m úv` bi D ` M MÖnY Kiv nq 2 M elyvi D Ïk (K) bgybv cvv cȳ Í K bvmwi Ki AwaKvi I KZ e m úwk Z wel qi AbymÜvb Kiv (L) bgybv cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ xi Ávb, `ÿzv I g~j eva wekv ki KŠkjmg~n wbiƒcy Kiv 3 M elyv c wz M elyvwu myôyfv e m úv` bi Rb M elkmy cvv cȳ Í Ki welqe i (Content) MyYMZ we køly c wz (Leedy and Ormord, 2005; Neuendorf, 2002) e envi K i Qb gva wgk we` vj qi Rb wba vwiz cvv cȳ ÍKmg~n _ K D Ïk g~jk bgybvq bi gva g Ôevsjv `k I wek cwipqõ Ges Ô cšibxwz I bvmwikzvõ cvv cȳ ÍK `yôwu M elyvi ÿî wn m e wbe vpb Kiv nq bgybv wbe vp bi ÿ Î gva wgk we` vj qi beg-`kg köwyi gvbwek, weávb I evwyr mkj wefv Mi wkÿv_ xi K_v iæ Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv nq 144 c ôv msewjz Ô cšibxwz I bvmwikzvõ welqwu gvbwek wefv Mi Ges 231 c ôv msewjz Ôevsjv `k I wek cwipqõ welqwu weávb I evwyr wefv Mi wkÿv_ x `i Aa q bi my hvm i q Q Dfq cvv cȳ ÍK 2012 mv ji RvZxq wkÿvµg Abyhvqx iwpz Ges ez gv b we` vj q e eüz n Q h_vm e wbf i hvm Dcv q DcvË msmö ni j ÿ M elkmy bgybv cvv cȳ Í Ki cöwzwu c ôv c o bvmwi Ki AwaKvi I KZ e m úwk Z welq jv wjwce K ib cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ x `i Ávb, `ÿzv I g~j eva wekv ki my hvm AbymÜv bi ÿ ÎI M elkmy cvv cȳ Í Ki cöwzwu c ôv we køly K ib ÔcvV cȳ Í Ki welqe i YMZ we kølyõ c wzwu Kvb e wzµg c wz wn m e GB M elyvq e envi Kiv nqwb GB c wzwu e envi Kivi c~ e M elkmy GKB c wzi wewfbœ AvšÍR vwzk M elyv cöeü Aa qb K i Qb, hgb Collado and Atxurra (2006) Ges Mori (2012) hv M elyv c wzi e envi hvm Zv wb ` k K i evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 43

46 4 DcvË we køly I djvdj Uwej 1: Ô cšibxwz I bvmwikzvõ cvv cȳ Í K ÔKZ e evaõ I ÔgvbevwaKviÕ KZ e eva m úwk Z welq jv gvbevwakvi m úwk Z welq jv! cvwievwik cöÿvcu (aviyv, cökvi f`, Kvh vewj) MÖvg I kni A j cvwievwik f wgkv! we` vjq cöÿvcu (mvgvwrkxki Y we` vj qi f wgkv, mvgvwrkxki Y mncvvx `i f wgkv)! fvlv Av `vjb (mvaviy gvby li f wgkv, QvÎ `i f wgkv, bz e `i f wgkv)! gyw³hy (mvaviy gvby li f wgkv, gnvb bzv `i f wgkv, bvixi f wgkv, ivr bwzk ` ji f wgkv, QvÎmgv Ri f wgkv, ckvrxex `i f wgkv, MYgva gi f wgkv, Kwe-mvwnwZ K `i f wgkv, we `wk `i f wgkv, RvwZms Ni f wgkv! ivóª (RbM Yi cöwz iv óªi `vwqz, iv óªi cöwz RbM Yi `vwqz )! mikvi e e v (cöavbgš xi Kvh vewj, RvZxq msm `i f wgkv, vbxq mikvi e e vi `vwqz I Kvh vewj! evsjv ` ki MYZš I wbe vpb (aviyv, cökvi f`, ivr bwzk ` ji f wgkv, wbe vpb Kwgk bi f wgkv)! mvgvwrk cöÿvcu (mvgvwrk cwiez b bvixi f wgkv, mvgvwrk mgm v-aviyv, cökvi f`, cöfve, cöwzkvi)! ˆewk K cöÿvcu (AvÂwjK ms v mvk (SAARC) Gi f wgkv, OIC Gi f wgkv, RvwZmsN I Gi wewfbœ ms vi f wgkv, RvwZms Ni kvwšíiÿv wgk b evsjv ` ki f wgkv)! gvbevwakvi (bvmwi Ki AwaKvi, ˆbwZK AwaKvi, mvgvwrk AwaKvi, ivr bwzk AwaKvi, A_ bwzk AwaKvi)! gšwjk AwaKvi iÿvq wepvi wefvm, MYZvwš K AwaKvi iÿvq wepvi wefvm, AwaKvi m PZbZv Ges fvlv Av `vjb, AwaKvi m PZbZv Ges gyw³hy! wkï AwaKvi! bvix AwaKvi! wek cöÿvc U gvbevwakvi Uwej 1 I Uwej 2 Gi Av jv K h welqwu úó Zvn jv Dfq bgybv cvv cy Í K wkÿv_ x `i KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbZv wekv ki cövq GKB ai bi my hvm ivlv n q Q mvgvb wkqy ZviZg hgb-avâwjk ms v mvk (SAARC) Gi f wgkv, OIC Gi f wgkv cšibxwz I bvmwikzv cvv cy Í K Av jvkcvz Kiv n ji Ôevsjv `k I wek cwipqõ cvv cy Í K Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb mvgvwrkxki Y MYgva gi f wgkv evsjv `k I wek cwipq cvv cy Í K Av jvkcvz Kiv n ji cšibxwz I bvmwikzv cvv cy Í K Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb ZvQvov Uwej 1 I 2 _ K Dfq bgybv cvv cy Í Ki KZ e eva I gvbevwakv ii wewfbœ welq cwijwÿz n ji iæz c~y wewfbœ wel qi Abycw wz AZ ší úó hv M elyvi djvdj ch v jvpbvi ÿ Î Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q 44 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

47 Uwej-2 Ôevsjv `k I wek cwipqõ cvv cȳ Í K KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi KZ e eva m úwk Z welq jv gvbevwakvi m úwk Z welq jv! cvwievwik cöÿvcu (aviyv, cökvi f`, Kvh vewj) MÖvg I kni A j cvwievwik f wgkv! we` vjq cöÿvcu (mvgvwrkxki Y we` vj qi f wgkv, mvgvwrkxki Y mncvvx `i f wgkv)! MYgva g (mvgvwrkxki Y MYgva gi f wgkv) gyw³hy MYgva gi f wgkv! fvlv Av `vjb (mvaviy gvby li f wgkv, QvÎ `i f wgkv, bz e `i f wgkv)! gyw³hy (mvaviy gvby li f wgkv, gnvb bzv `i f wgkv, bvixi f wgkv, ivr bwzk ` ji f wgkv, QvÎmgv Ri f wgkv, ckvrxwe `i f wgkv, MYgva gi f wgkv, Kwe-mvwnwZ K `i f wgkv, we `kx `i f wgkv, RvwZms Ni f wgkv! ivóª (RbM Yi cöwz iv óªi `vwqz, iv óªi cöwz RbM Yi `vwqz )! mikvi e e v (cöavbgš xi Kvh vewj, RvZxq msm `i f wgkv, vbxq mikvi e e vi `vwqz I Kvh vewj! evsjv ` ki MYZš I wbe vpb (aviyv, cökvi f`, ivr bwzk ` ji f wgkv, wbe vpb Kwgk bi f wgkv)! mvgvwrk cöÿvcu (mvgvwrk cwiez b bvixi f wgkv, mvgvwrk mgm v-aviyv, cökvi f`, cöfve, cöwzkvi)! ˆewk K cöÿvcu (RvwZmsN I Gi wewfbœ ms vi f wgkv, bvixi cöwz ˆelg wbim b wm Wv (CEDAW) mb `i f wgkv, RvwZms Ni kvwšíiÿv wgk b evsjv ` ki f wgkv! gvbevwakvi (bvmwi Ki AwaKvi, ˆbwZK AwaKvi, mvgvwrk AwaKvi, ivr bwzk AwaKvi, A_ bwzk AwaKvi)! gšwjk AwaKvi iÿvq RvZxq msm`, Z _ i AwaKvi! gšwjk AwaKvi iÿvq wepvi wefvm, MYZvwš K AwaKvi iÿvq wepvi wefvm,! AwaKvi m PZbZv Ges fvlv Av `vjb, AwaKvi m PZbZv Ges gyw³hy! wkï AwaKvi! bvix AwaKvi! wek cöÿvc U gvbevwakvi Uwej-3 _ K GKwU welq úó h köyxkÿb wkÿv_ x `i Ávb, `ÿzv I g~j eva wekv ki GKgvÎ vb hv cvv cȳ Í K DwjøwLZ KŠkjmgy ni-we køl Y cöwzqgvb Z e GB ZvwjKv _ K Kvb KŠkjmg~ ni Dcw wz cvv cȳ Í K cövavb c q Q m m ú K wkqz wb ` k Ki Qbv bmzfv e cvv cȳ Í Ki welqe (Content) we køl Y GUv cözxqgvb h bgybv cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ x `i Ávbg~jK wekv ki cövavb i q Q we køl Y Dfq bgybv cvv cȳ Í Ki KŠkjmg~ ni gv S Kvb cv_ K cwijwÿz bv niqv mvgwmökfv e GLv b bgybv cvv cȳ ÍK wn m e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 45

48 Ávb `ÿzv g~j eva 5. djvdj ch v jvpbv Uwej-3: bgybv cvv cȳ Í K Ávb, `ÿzv I g~j eva wekv ki KŠkjmsÁv, aviyv cö`vb, cökvi f` Av jvpbv, e vl v-we køly, m Rbkxj cökœ `jxq KvR (AwaKvsk PvU ev ZvwjKv ˆZwi), GKUv KvR (AwaKvsk PvU ev ZvwjKv ˆZwi), wezk, `jxq KvR I Dc vcbv, hyw³ Dc vcb, cö`k b, ch eÿy I Av jvpbv, evwoi KvR, eøvk evw e envi, evwoi KvR, m Rbkxj cökœ mvgvwrk g~j ev ai aviyv, D`vniY g~j ev ai Aeÿq (aviyv, D`vniY) MYZvwš K g~j ev ai aviyv I D`vniY MYZvwš K e envi, A b i cöwz kö vkxj niqv (aviyv) bvixi ÿgzvq b cyiæ li BwZevPK ` wófw½ (aviyv) Kb v wkïi cöwz BwZevPK ` wófw½ cvly (aviyv) AvB bi cöwz kö vkxj niqv (aviyv) m Rbkxj cökœ KZ e eva m úwk Z welqe i cövavb Ges iæz c~y wel qi Abycw wz bgybv cvv cȳ Í K KZ e eva m úwk Z welqe i cövavb i q Q hv wkÿv_ x `i KZ e eva wekv ki cöwz iæz v iv ci ms KZ enb K i G ÿ Î wbw` ó wkqy welqe i we Íi Av jvpbv Ges iæz c~y wel qi Abycw wz bgybv cvv cȳ Í Ki gva g wkÿv_ x `i KZ e ev a D z Kivi f wgkv wb q wez K i my hvm ˆZwi n Z cv i bgybv cvv cȳ Í K cwiev ii Kvh vewj ev f wgkv Av jvkcvz Kiv n ji cwiev i wkÿv_ x `i `vwqz I KZ e eva m ú K Zgb wkqy Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb we` vjq cöÿvc U mvgvwrkxki Y we` vj qi f wgkv Ges we` vj q mncvvx `i f wgkv Av jvkcvz Kiv n ji mgv Ri mvgwmök Dbœq b we` vj qi wk wk KZ e i q Q wksev we` vj qi cöwz wkÿv_ x `i `vwqz I KZ e m ú K mȳ úó wb ` kbv bb Canter and Canter (2001) Gi g Z we` j q ev köwyk ÿ wkÿv_ x `i `vwqz I KZ e mywbw` ó _vk j we` vjq Ges köwyk ÿi mvgwmök k Ljv iÿv Kiv mnr nq mvgvwrkxki Y MYgva gi f wgkv Av jvkcvz Kiv n ji wewfbœ mvgvwrk mgm v wbim b MYgva gi f wgkv wk n Z cv i m m ú K Kvb aviyv `Iqv nqwb ZvQvov mvgvwrkxki Y cwievi, mgeqmx `j, Ljvi mv_x Ges m e vcwi we` vj qi f wgkv Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb mgmvgwqk mgv R bvmwi Ki `vwqz I KZ e i P q HwZnvwmK Ges ivr bwzk cöÿvc U `vwqz I KZ e K cövavb `Iqv n q Q Zvrch c~y wkqy welq hgb-iv Ív cvivcvi I Pjv div, mok `yn Ubv cöwz iva, we kl-pvwn`vm úbœ wkÿv_ x `i cöwz `vwqz I KZ e m ú K Zgb wkqy Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb hw`i GB Bmÿ jv ez gv b iæz c~y Av jvpbvi `vwe iv L gvbevwakvi m úwk Z welqe i mxwgz Dcw wzi cöeyzv bgybv cvv cȳ Í K gvbevwakvi m úwk Z wewfbœ wel qi mxwgz Av jvpbv Kiv n ji D jøl hvm 46 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

49 welqe Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb gvbevwakvi m úwk Z welq wn m e- ˆbwZK AwaKvi, mvgvwrk AwaKvi, ivr bwzk AwaKvi, A_ bwzk AwaKvi, bvix AwaKvi, wkï AwaKvi, wek gvbevwakvi wb q Av jvkcvz Kiv n ji evsjv ` k gvbevwakv ii AZxZ, ez gvb Ges fwel r MwZaviv wb q Zgb wkqy Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb cwievi Ges we` vjq _ K wkÿv_ xiv Kvb Kvb AwaKvi fvm Ki e m m ú K bgybv cvv cȳ Í K Kvb wb ` kbv bb bvmwi Ki wewfbœ gšwjk AwaKvi hgbwkÿv, ^v m ú K wkÿv_ x `i aviyv `Iqvi Zgb my hvm cvv cȳ Í K jÿ Kiv hvqwb wbw` ó wkqy wel qi Av jvpbvq KZ e eva I gvbevwakv ii Abycw wz bgybv cvv cȳ Í K ek wkqy welq Av jvpbvi ÿ Î KZ e eva I gvbevwakv ii mv _ ms hvm vc bi P q mvaviyfv e Av jvpbvi cöeyzv jÿ Kiv hvq hgb ÔRjevq~ cwiez bõ welqwu cwi ekmz Bmÿ wn m e Av jvkcvz bv K i f Mv ji welq wn m e mvaviyfv e Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q A_P Rjevq~ cwiez b Ges Gi cöfve Gi mv _ gvby li m PZbZvi A_ vr KZ e ev ai m úk i q Q Zgwbfv e evsjv ` ki b`b`x I cök wzk m ú`, evsjv ` ki RvZxq m ú`, evsjv ` ki A_ bwzk e e v BZ vw`i Av jvpbvq wkÿv_ x `i KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbZv wekv ki cöwz Zgb iæz v ivc Kiv nqwb g~j eva I `ÿzvi P q wkÿv_ xi Ávbg~jK wekv ki cöwz AwaK iæz v ivc bgybv cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ xi KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbZv wekv ki ÿ Î g~j eva I `ÿzv wekv ki P q wkÿv_ xi Ávbg~jK wekv ki cöwz ewk iæz `Iqv n q Q hw`i ingvb (2012) AwfgZ cö`vb K ib h RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010 Gi Av jv K cöyxz wkÿvµ g wkÿv_ xi Ávb, `ÿzv I g~j eva wekv ki ch vß my hvm ivlv n q Q Avi mvaviyz wkÿvµg Abyhvqx cvv cȳ ÍK iwpz nq myzivs GB M elyvi djvdj evsjv ` ki YMZ wkÿvq Pjgvb wewfbœ wezk K AviI emevb Ki e e j aviyv Kiv h Z cv i hv wkÿvwelqk bzzb bzzb M elyv K AviI AbycÖvwYZ Ki e wewfbœ welqe i aviyv cö`vb I e vl v we køl Yi gva g wkÿv_ xi Ávb I Abyaveb ÿgzv wekv ki my hvm GKw` K hgb ch vß Zgwb g~j eva I `ÿzv wekv ki my hvm mxwgz cwiev ii msáv, cökvi f` I Kvh vewj we Íi Av jvpbv n ji cwiev ii gšwjk g~j eva m ú K Zgb Av jvpbv bgybv cvv cȳ Í K cwijwÿz nqwb bvmwi Ki `vwqz wn m e ÔKi cö`vbõ Ges Ô fvuõ `Iqv Av jvpbv Kiv n ji Ki cö`v bi KŠkj Ges fvu`vb cöwµqv Abykxj bi Zgb my hvm cvv cȳ Í K Abycw Z i q Q, hw`i we k i wewfbœ DbœZ `k `ÿ I g~j eva m úbœ bvmwik m wói Rb we` vjq ch v q Ô z W U KvDwÝjÕ Gi mwµq PP v Ae vnz i L Q hgb-hy³ivr (GKRb M el Ki e w³mz AwfÁZv, 2013) `ÿzv e w i KŠkj wn m e, GKK KvR, `jxq KvR, `jxq Av jvpbv, `jxq Av jvpbv I Dc vcbv, cö`k b, ch eÿb I Av jvpbv, wezk, evwoi KvR, eøvk evw e envi, m Rbkxj cökœ D jøl _vk ji wkÿv_ x `i cwiev i, we` vj q, m e vcwi mgv R AskMÖnYg~jK `ÿzv e w i Zgb wb ` kbv bgybv cvv cȳ Í K úó bq A_ vr köwyk ÿi Af ší ib KŠkjmg~n mxgve bgybv cvv cȳ Í K gvbevwakv ii cökvi f`, wkï AwaKvi, bvix AwaKvi, mgv R mgawakvi wewfbœ welq Zzjbvg~jKfv e we Íi Av jvpbv n ji gvbevwakvi iÿvq g~j eva AR b I `ÿzv wekv ki D jøl hvm Kvb c` ÿc Zvrch c~y fv e cözxqgvb bq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 47

50 Rahman (2004) gvbevwakvi iÿv Ges msiÿ bi Rb mvaviy gvby li m PZbZv wekv ki cö qvrb hw`i bgybv cvv cȳ Í K wkÿv_ x `i aviyv jv fi cöwz ewk iæz `Iqv n q Q 6 mycvwikmg~n M elyvq cövß djvdj Abyhvqx wb P wkqy mycvwik Zz j aiv n jv-! cvv cȳ ÍK cöyq bi ÿ Î wkÿv_ x `i KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi m PZbZv wekv ki cöwz AwaKZi iæz cö`vb Kiv h Z cv i! wkÿv_ x `i Ávbg~jK wekv ki cvkvcvwk `ÿzv I g~j eva wekv ki AviI my hvm m wó Kiv h Z cv i! cvv cȳ Í Ki mvwe K gvb Dbœq b cvv cȳ ÍK -G aivivevwnk ms kvab, cwigvr b Kiv h Z cv i! cvv cȳ Í Ki welqe i Dc hvwmzv g~j vq b AwaKZi M elyv Kiv h Z cv i 7 Dcmsnvi Kv bv cvv cȳ ÍKB KL bv me v½-my `i I ÎæwUnxb n Z cv i bv (eo qv, 2012) GB M elyvq bgybv cvv cȳ Í KiI wkqy mxgve Zv ev `ye jzv dz U D V Q KZ e eva I gvbevwakvi-welqk wewfbœ welq Av jvwpz n ji iæz c~y wkqy welq Av jvkcvz Kiv nqwb hv wkÿv_ x `i mybvmwik wn m e M o Zvjvi ÿ Î iæz c~y f wgkv ivl Z cv i g~j eva I `ÿzv wekv ki P q ZË I Z_ MZ wel qi AwaK i q Q `ÿzv wekv ki ÿî wn m e we` vjq cwimi, cwievi I mgv Ri P q köwykÿ KB ewk cöavb `Iqv n q Q hy Mvc hvmx wkÿv-e e v Kvh Ki Kivi ÿî hy Mvc hvmx I Kvh Ki cvv cȳ Í Ki Kvb wekí bb G K_v we epbvq i L M elkmy Ae vnzfv e cvv cȳ ÍK- Kw `ªK wewfbœ M elyvi mycvwik Ki Q Z_ m~î! wkÿv gš Yvjq (2010): RvZxq wkÿvbxwz, MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi! AvBb, wepvi I msm`-welqk gš Yvjq (2000) evsjv `k msweavb; MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi! ingvb W. wqwïkzi (2012) hy Mvc hvmx wkÿv I evsjv `k, evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkx, beg el, 2q msl v! RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw (2012), RvZxq wkÿvµg-gva wgk Íi XvKv: RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw! eo qv, myeªz (2012), wkÿve e vi Dbœqb: cvv cȳ Í Ki f wgkv, evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkx, beg el, 2q msl v! Akter, S., Ahmed, S., & Islam, R. (2012).Civics and Citizenship. Dhaka: National Curriculum and Textbook Board! Alam, S. (2012).Neoliberalism and Citizenship in the Bangladesh Secondary School Curriculum.Critical Literacy: Theories and Practices, 6(2), ! Alam, S. (2011).Notions of Citizenship in Bangladesh Secondary Curriculum: 48 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

51 The Interface between Policy, Perception, and Practice. Unpublished thesis for Master s in Education, University of Canterbury, Canterbury.! Ahmed, E. (2002). Rastro Bijjanar Katha [Political Science]. Dhaka: Bangladesh Book Corporation Limited.! Amin, M. R. (2004). Democracy in Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of International Affairs,8 (1 & 2), ! Collado, C. D. M.,&Atxurra, L. R. (2006).Democratic citizenship in textbooks in Spanish primary curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 38(2), ! Counter, L, & Canter, M (2001), Assertive Discipline: Positive Behaviour Management For Today s Classroom, Bloomington: Solution Tree.! Davies, I. (2010). Defining Citizenship Education. In L. Gearon (Ed), Learning to Teach Citizenship in the Secondary School (pp ). London and New York: Routledge.! Mori, Chiho. (2012). Citizenship Education in Civics Textbooks in the Japanese Junior High School Curriculum. Unpublished thesis for Master of Arts in Education, University of York, UK.! National Curriculum and Textbook Board. (2012).Bangladesh o Bissoporichoy [Bangladesh and Global studies]: Secondary level. Dhaka: National Curriculum and Textbook Board.! National Curriculum and Textbook Board. (2012).Pouroniti o Nagorikota [Civics and Citizenship]: Secondary level. Dhaka: National Curriculum and Textbook Board.! Patwari, M., Husain, A. S., Begum, S. M. A., & Das, U. K. (2012). Bangladesh and Global Studies. Dhaka: National Curriculum and Textbook Board! Print, M. (2007). Citizenship Education and Youth Participation In Democracy. British Journal of Educational Studies, 55(3), ! Rahman, W. (2011).Transition to Democracy: Kaleidoscope of a changing World. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The University Press Limited.! Rogers, B. (2011). Classroom behaviour: A practical guide to effective teaching, behaviour management and colleague support (3rd ed.). London: Paul Chapman.! Rahman, M. (2008).Democracy in Crisis. Dhaka, Bangladesh: The University press limited! The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.(2008). Democracy Report for Bangladesh. Stockhom, Sweden: International IDEA.! U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.(2011).Bangladesh Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of State.! Winter, C. (2011). Curriculum knowledge and justice: content, competency and concept. The Curriculum Journal, 22(3), evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 49

52 cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Í i GKxf Z wkÿvi iæz, m vebv I cö Ívebv * dv Zgv ZvR Rvniv gvnv ` ZvwiK Avnmvb ** f wgkv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv wkkyi cöviw K ˆkk ei wekv k iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i cövk- cö_wgk wkÿvi iæz Abyaveb K i evsjv `k mikvi ÔAcv ikbvj d«giqvk di wcö-cövbgvwi GWz Kkb, 2008Õ (MOPME, 2008) Aby gv`b K i cö ÍvweZ wkÿv AvBb, 2013 (Proposed Draft Education Act, 2013) G cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv K cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh µ gi mv _ AšÍf z³ Kiv n q Q GKBmv _ G Í ii wkÿv K A ezwbki Kiv n q Q (MOE, 2013) D³ AvBb Abymv i, cöv_wgk wkÿvq wkÿv_ x `i K AvMÖnx K i Zyj Z Pvi _ K Qq eqi eqmx wkï `i Rb `yb eqi gqvw` cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv cö`vb Kiv n e cöv_wgkfv e ïay cuvp eqi eq mi wkï `i Rb GK eqi gqvw` cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Pvjy Kiv n q Q Ges ch vqµ g Zv `yb eqi gqv ` DbœxZ Kiv n e mevi Rb wkÿv ev Íevq b GB AvBb iæz c~y f wgkv ivl e e j Avkv Kiv hvq D jøl h mevi Rb wkÿv ev Íevq bi Rb mikvi bvbvwea Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i Avm Q Zvi g a mgmvgwqk Kvh µg n jv-! wøzxq cöv_wgk wkÿv Dbœqb Kg m~wp (Second Primary Education Development Program-PEDP II)/wcBwWwc-2! Z Zxq cöv_wgk wkÿv Dbœqb Kg m~wp (Third Primary Education Development Program-PEDP III)/ wcbwwwc-3! RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010 (The National Education Policy 2010) wcbwwwc-2 Gi Ab Zg D Ïk n jv mkj wkïi Rb g~javivi gvbm Z wkÿv A_ vr mvaviy wkï `i cvkvcvwk bvbvfv e wkÿv-myweav ewâz ev ˆel g i wkkvi wkï `i wkÿv wbwðz Kiv (AvRg, Avnmvb Ges mvb`, 2009) GB D Ïk wb q mikvi cöv_wgk wkÿvq GKxf Z wkÿv ev Íevq bi D ` vm MÖnY K i Q GKxf Z wkÿv wk- Zv wb q A bk ÿ Î A bk K wfbœgz ev fzj aviyv cvly Ki Z `Lv hvq A b KB g b K ib, nqz cöwzeüx wkï `i K g~j ªvZavivi wkÿvi AvIZvq wb q AvmvB GKxf Z wkÿv g~jz GKxf Z wkÿv ej Z cöpwjz wkÿv e e vi ms vi mva bi gva g wkÿvi gvb Ggb ch v q DbœxZ Kiv hv Z K i myweav-ewâz wkïmn mkj wkï K g~j ªvZavivq mwµq AskMÖn Yi * cöfvlk Bbw wudu Ad GWz Kkbvj W fjc g U, eª vk wek^we` vjq, XvKv ** mn hvmx Aa vck, wkÿv I M elyv Bbw wudu, XvKv wek^we` vjq, XvKv 50 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

53 my hvm K i `Iqv K evsvq Salend (2008), g b K ib h, Kvh Ki GKxf Z wkÿv wklb ÿgzv, RvwZ, fvlv, A_ bwzk Ae v, RÛvi, wklb aib, RvwZMZ, mvs wzk I agx q cöÿvcu, cvwievwik MVb BZ vw` wbwe k l mkj K mvaviy wkÿvq AšÍfz ³Ki Yi gva g wkÿv-e e vi Dbœqb mvab K i evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U A bk wkïb g~j ªvZavivi wkÿv _ K ewâz G `i g a D jøl hvm, AwZ `wi`ª wkï, ew Íevmx wkï, c_-wkï, hšbkg xi wkï, Kg Rxex wkï, ÿz`ª b - Mvôx wkï, GwZg wkï, iæzi Amȳ wkï, Pv-evMv bi wkï, `ym g GjvKvi wkï (AvRg, Avnmvb Ges mvc`, 2009; Avnmvb, 2010) D jøwlz wkï `i K mvgvwrk ` wófw½i cwiez b Ges mvgvwrk evav wbim bi gva g g~j ªvZavivi we` vj q AšÍfz ³ Kiv m e Z e wkqz wkqz wkï hgb, ÿz`ª b - Mvôx I cöwzeüx wkï `i AšÍfz w³i ÿ Î mvgvwrk evav wbim bi cvkvcvwk wkqz we kl e e v biqvi cö qvrb n Z cv i D`vniY ^iƒc, ÿz`ª b - Mvôx wkï `i gvz fvlv evsjv bv niqvq Zv `i Rb eûfvlk wkÿv (Multilingual Education) cö qvrb Avevi A bk cöwzeüx wkï `i Rb we kl mnvqk hš (Assistive device) Ges we kl wkÿv c wzi cö qvrb nq ZvB A bk ÿ Î cöwzeüx I ÿz`ª b - Mvôx wkï `i GKxf ZKiY AwaKZi P v jwäs niqvq Zv `i K g~j ªvZavivq AšÍfz w³i welqwu we kl iæ Z i mv _ Av jvwpz n q _v K Dciš GKxfZ wkÿv ej Z Kej wkÿv-ewâz wkï `i K g~j ªvZavivi wkÿvq AšÍfz w³b evsvq bv; mb mv _ GKB avivi wkÿvq mkj wkïi Rb gvbm Z wkÿv wbwðz Kiv K evsvq wcbwwwc-2 G GKxfZ wkÿvi `k b Abymv i PviwU ÿ Î Kg cwikíbv (ActionPlan) ˆZwi Kiv n q Q (Directorate of Primary Education [DPE], 2009)- cöwzeüx/we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ wkï, ÿz`ª b - Mvôx wkky, myweavewâz wkï, RÛvi-mgZv wcbwwwc-2 Gi avivevwnkzvq ciez x mg q wcbwwwc-3 GKxfZ wkÿv ev Íevqb Ki Q wcbwwwc-3 Gi cövmövg B Uvi fbkb (intervention) ÒAskMÖnY e w Ges mvgvwrk ˆelg n«vmó- Kvh µ gi Aax b Dc Rjv ch v q GKxf Z wkÿv ev Íevq bi cwikíbv bqv n q Q Ges G Rb m ú` I my hvm m wó, wkÿk `i Kg `ÿzv e w, wkÿv DcKi Yi Dbœqb mvab BZ vw` we epbvq Avbv n q Q (The World Bank, 2011) evsjv ` ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010 (wkÿv gš Yvjq,2010) G ÿz`ª b - Mvôx wkï,c_ wkï I AwZ ewâz wkï Ges cöwze ax wkï `i ˆelg nxb wkÿv e e vi AšÍfz ³ Ki Z wewfbœ my hvmmyweav wbwðz Kivi K_v ejv n q Q cöv_wgk wkÿvi mv _ mv _ cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvqi GKxf Z wkÿv `k b K iæ Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv DwPZ KviY, wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv M Q wkï `i we kl Pvwn`v, mvgvwrk Pvwn`v, A ewmk Pvwn`v hz Kg eq m wpwýz K i Zvi Rb cö qvrbxq cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv (early intervention) `qv hvq ZZ Kg eq m wkïiv g~javivq wb R `i Ae vb Lyu R cvq ZvQvov cövk-cöv_wgk ch v q wkï `i cöv_wgk ch v qi Rb mdjfv e ˆZwi Kiv M j Zviv cöv_wgk wkÿvq fwz, mwµq AskMÖnY Ges mdjfv e cövwšík hvm Zvmg~n AR bi gva g wkÿv Kvh µg m úbœ Ki Z cv i Ges Gi d j wkÿvi gvb e w i cvkvcvwk wkï `i S i covi nvii n«vm cv e Av jvp cöeüwu Z evsjv ` k cövk-cöv_wgk ch v q GKxf Z wkÿvi ez gvb cöÿvcu, m v ebv I P v jämg~n wb q GKwU we kølyag x ch v jvpbv Kivi cöqvm i q Q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 51

54 ch v jvpbv c wz Av jvp cöeüwu g~jz bw_cî we køly c wz Abymv i iwpz n q Q GB c wz Z cövmw½k bw_cî _ K cövß Z_ we køly Kivi my hvm i q Q (Cohen, Manion & Marrison, 2007) bw_cî we køl Yi ÿ Î h welq jv K iæ Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv n q Q Zv wb œiæcñ! wemz `k eq ii cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv-welqk bw_cîmgyn we køl Yi Rb we ewpz n q Q! mikvwi I emikvwi cöwzôvbmg~ ni cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv-welqk I qe cr, wewfbœ wi cvu we køl Yi Rb we ewpz n q Q! wewfbœ Rvb v j cökvwkz cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv welqk cöeümg~n we køl Yi Rb we ewpz n q Q bw_cî _ K cövß Z_ mg~n we køl Yi ÿ Î g~jfve we køly (thematic analysis) c wz Abym Z n q Q GB c wz (g~jfve we køly) g~jz Z _ i g~jfve (theme) -mg~n wpwýzkiy, we køly Ges D³ fve-mg~n weei Yi cöwµqv K evsvq (Braun & Clarke, 2006) bw_cî we køl Y cövß g~jfvemg~nñ cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv: AvšÍR vwzk cöÿvcu I evsjv `k 2000 mv j WvKvi d«giqvk di G vkkb (UNESCO, 2000)G AskMÖnYKvix `kmg~n 2015 mv ji g a Ômevi Rb wkÿvõ (Education for All) AR bi Rb jÿ w i K i GB jÿ AR b wewfbœ ` ki AMÖMwZ I P v jämg~n wbqwgz ch eÿ Yi Rb ` v WvKvi d«giqvk di G vkkb (UNESCO, 2000) wkqz KŠkj wba viy K i Q Ges Ômevi Rb wkÿvõ msµvší AR bmg~n, mdjzvmg~n Ges P v jämg~n wb q ch v jvpbv-wfwëk wi cvu Dc vcb Kivi Rb `k jvi mv _ Pzw³ m úbœ K i Q RvwZms Ni GKwU m`m ivóª wn m e evsjv `ki D³ AvšÍR vwzk D ` vmmg~ ni mv _ m ú ³ n q Q mevi Rb wkÿv, 2015 (UNESCO, 2013) -Gi cö_g jÿ wu n jv- Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children mevi Rb wkÿvi DcwiD³ jÿ -1 (goal 1) AR bi Ask wn m e evsjv `k mikvi ÔAcv ikbvj d«giqvk di wcö-cövgvwi GWz Kkb, 2008Õ (MOPME, 2008) Aby gv`b K i B Zvc~ e mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj qi wkï köwyi (Baby class) gva g, wewfbœ GbwRI (NGO), emikvwi wkûvimv U b wkïiv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi my hvm cz wkšíy Gme Kvh µ gi D Ïk KvwiKzjvg, c wzmg~ ni g a wfbœzv I mgš^qnxbzv wqj D jøl hvm ZvB wewfbœ cövk-cöv_wgk Kvh µ gi Rb h_vh_fv e cwikíbv MÖnY I ev Íevqb Kiv m e vcwi wewfbœ Kvh µ gi g a mgš^q mvab Kivi j ÿ cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb GKwU Acv ikbvj d«giqvk ˆZwi Kiv nq (MOPME, 2008) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ici wewfbœ M elyv cwipvwjz n q Q ` g vwcs Ad wcwcb (PPE) wi cvu (DPE & UNICEF, 2012) Abymv i 2012 mv j cövk-cöv_wgk m Uv ii msl v gvu 88, 225wU, hvi g a 70% cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii (DPE), cövq 25% GbwRI cwipvwjz Ges evwk m Uvi jv Ab vb cöwzôv bi ZË veav b cwipvwjz n Q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb wewfbœ ai bi 52 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

55 cövk-cöv_wgk m Uv i kzkiv KZRb wkÿv_ x AskMÖnY K i Q Zv Campaign for Popular Education [CAMPE] (2013)Gi GKwU AbymÜv b Dc vwcz n q Q D³ wi cvu Abyhvqx mikvwi (23%), emikvwi (11%), GbwRI zj (22%), wkûvi Mv U b (28%), ag wfwëk (15%) I nvb zj-msjmœ m Uvi (1%) wkÿv_ x cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv MÖnY Ki Q nvb jz msjmœ m Uvi 1% wewfbœ ai bi cvö K-cvÖ _wgk z j wkÿv_x `i AskMnÖ Y wkûvi Mv Ub 28% agw fwëk 15% GbwRI jz 22% mikvwi 23% emikvwi 11% wpî 1: wewfbœ ai bi cvö K-cvÖ _wgk z j wkÿv_x `i AskMnÖ Y (Z_ mî~ : CAMPE, 2013) cövk- cöv_wgk wkÿvq me ai bi wkï `i AskMÖnY Acv ikbvj d«giqvk di wcö cövbgvwi GWz Kkb 2008 Abymv i (MOPME, 2008) ez gv b cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq 5 _ K 6 eq ii wkï `i jÿ `j wn m e we epbv Kiv n Q Ges G ÿ Î `ªwi`ª, myweavewâz Mvôx, ÿz`ª b - Mvôx cwiev ii wkï, `ymg GjvKvi wkï I cöwzeüx wkï `i AMÖvwaKvi iæ Z i mv _ we ewpz n q Q; hw`i P ovší jÿ 3 _ K 6 eq ii mkj wkï K cövkcöv_wgk wkÿvi AvIZvq wb q Avmv Annual Sector Performance Report-2012 (DPE, 2012a) Abymv i, 2011 mv j mikvwi cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Í i gvu 1,545,828 wkï fwz n q Q; hw`i cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Dc hvmx eq m wkï `i gvu msl v 3,6601, 284 Rb (DPE, 2012b) cövk-cöv_wgk köwy Z Pre Primary Education Plan (DPE, 2012b) KZ K cö ÍvweZ QvÎ wkÿk AbycvZ n jv 1:30, GB Abycv Z wkÿv_ x fwz Kiv n j gvu cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv- Dc hvmx eq mi wkky `i Rb 1, 12, 010 wu cövk-cöv_wgk zj `ikvi (DPE, 2012b) hw`i gvu jÿ ` ji cövq A a K wkï GLbI cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi my hvm _ K ewâz, cövkcöv_wgk Í i fwz -nvi (Enrollment Rate) e w i ÿ Î mikv ii mdjzv Drmvne ÄK, cövkcöv_wgk Í i wkÿv_ x fwz i nvi 2009 mv j 23% _ K e o 2012 mv j 83.90% (DEP, 2012b) n q Q G ÿ Î evjk I evwjkv Df qi AskMÖnYB e w c q Q Multiple Indicator cluster survey [MICS] (Ministry Of Planning [MOP] & UNICEF, 2009) Abymv i cövk cöv_wgk z j evjk wkïi Dwcw wzi nvi 2006 _ K 2009 mv j 14% _ K e o 23% n q Q Ges evwjkv wkïi Dcw wzi nvi 15% _ K e o 23% n q Q cövk cöv_wgk Í i evjk I evwjkv `i mgzv jÿbxq n ji Ab vb A bk ÿ Î AmgZv D jøl hvm evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 53

56 evsjv ` k ey i v Ae vwuw Km (BBS) Gi 2011 (as cited in DPE, 2012b) mv ji Av`g ïgvwi Abyhvqx 49,7% kn ii wkï Kvb bv Kvb ai bi cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv AR b Ki Q, hlv b MÖv gi gvî 20.46% wkï cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv MÖnY Ki Q Avevi kn ii wkïiv MÖv gi Zzjbvq ewk cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq AskMÖnY Ki ji `Lv hv Q kn ii ew Í GjvKvq wkïiv mfv e my hvm cv Q bv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq evsjv ` ki wewfbœ wefv Mi g a mvd j i cv_ K i q Q The Mapping of PPE report (DPE & UNICEF, 2012) Abymv i, XvKv I PUªMÖvg wefv M cövk cöv_wgk fwz i nvi Ab vb wefv Mi Zzjbvq Lye Kg ewikvj, iscyi, Lyjbv I ivrkvnx wefv M cövkcöv_wgk Í i fwz i nvi 80% Gi Dc i Ges wm ju wefv M 71% GB wi cvu Abyhvqx XvKv I PUªMÖv g cövk-cöv_wgk Í i fwz i nvi h_vµ g 60% Ges 65% PUªMÖv gi cvnvwo GjvKvi I Ab vb GjvKvi ÿz`ª b - Mvôx wkï `i cövk cöv_wgk wkÿvq AskMÖnY m úwk Z Z_ wb q D jøl hvm Kvb wi cvu bb ej j P j (DPE, 2012b) GKBfv e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq cöwzeüx wkïi cö ekmg Zv I AskMÖnY m ú K Zgb Kvb Z_ bb hw`i Acv ikbvj d«giqvk di wcö cövbgvwi GWz Kkb 2008 (MOPME, 2008) Abymv i cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq wewfbœ myweavewâz, ÿz`ª b - Mvôx, cöwzeüx wkï `i AMÖvwaKv ii welqwu K cövavb `Iqv n qwqj wkš ev Í e Gai bi we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ wkïivb wcwq q Av Q; hvi cöwz Avgv `i AviI we epbvi my hvm i q Q G cwiw wzi wfwë Z GwU cözxqgvb nq h, cövk-cöv_wg K mkj wkïi mgawakv ii wfwë Z AskMÖnY wbwðz Ki Z n j GKxfzZ wkÿv ev Íevq bi wekí bb cöv_wgk wkÿvq cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi iæz wkïi Rxe bi wekv k cöviw K ˆkk ei hzœ I AwfÁZv LyeB iæz c~b cöviw K ˆkk e wkïi hzœ, kvixwik, gvbwmk I Av ewmk wekv ki iæz we epbvq i L mikvi wkï `i Rb cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Rvi`vi Ki Z m Pó n q Q Ôwkïi cöviw K hzœ I wekv ki Awe Q` Ask cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv cybive wëi nvi n«vm K i Ges ciez x eqi jv Z D PZi `ÿzv AR bi welqwu wbwðz K iõ (gwnjv I wkï-welqk gš Yvjq, 2013, c ôv 3) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi gva g wkï Ni _ K z ji bzzb cwi e k Lvc LvIqv Z Af Í nq Ges cwievi _ K mgv Ri m`m wnmv e wb R K M o Zzj Z my hvm cvq cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv wkïi kvixwik, gvbwmk I Av ewmk wekv ki cvkvcvwk Zv K ciez x Í ii cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb cö y Z K i Zv j Avgv `i ` k A bk AwffveKB wbiÿi Ges Zviv Zv `i wkï K h_vh_fv e cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb cö Z K i Zzj Z cv i bv ZvB Avgv `i ` k cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Kvh µg G ai bi wkï `i cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb cö Z Ki Z mnvqzv Ki e (MOPME, 2008) d j Zv cöv_wgk wkÿvi fwz i nvi e w Z mnvqk f wgkv cvjb Ki e cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ß ii GKwU cökvmwbk DcvË msmön (Data Base) _ K Rvbv hvq cöv_wgk Í i gvu fwz wkÿv_x i msl v n jv 45, Rb, hvi g a 25, Rb wkÿv_ xi cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv i q Q (DPE, 2013) GQvovI cövkcöv_wgk wkÿv mvwe K wkÿv-lip Kwg q Avb ZI mnvqzv K i GKwU eªvwrjxq cö R ± `Lv hvq cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv c q Q Ggb wkï `i cöviw K wkÿv-mn cöv_wgk we` vj qi wøzxq köwy ch ší gvu wkÿv-lip 11% Kg n q Q H me wkï `i Zzjbvq hviv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv MÖnY K iwb 54 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

57 (MOPME, 2008) Kv RB G Av jvpbv _ K evsv hvq cövk-cöv_wgk Í ii wkÿv cöv_wgk wkÿv AR b mnvqk f wgkv cvjb K i cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv, cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv I GKxf Z wkÿv (Early Intervention) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq GKxf Z wkÿv ev Íevqb n j wewfbœ ai bi wkïmn cöwzeüx wkïi cövkcöv_wgk we` vj q Avm e ZLb Zv `i Rb cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv `evi welqwu iæz mnkv i we epbv Ki Z n e c~ e B Av jvwpz n q Q h, cöwzeüx wkï `i K g~j ªvZavivi we` vj q AšÍf ~³ Kivi ÿ Î ïaygvî mvgvwrk evav wbimb KivB h _ó bq, Zv `i Rb wkqz we kl mnvqzv cö qvrb nq cöwzeüx ev we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ wkïi Rxe b cöviw K ˆkk ei hzœ Ges wkÿv LyeB iæz Y ~ wkïi we kl Pvwn`v Ges cöwzewüzv hz Aí eq m kbv³ K i wkïi Rb e e v Kiv hvq ZZ `&ªyZ Gai bi wkïiv wewfbœ `ÿzv AR b mÿg nq ïay ZvB bq, cöwzeüx niqvi Kvi Y A bk mgq wkïiv ˆel g i wkkvi nq; cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv (Early Intervention) Ges cöviw K wkÿv cöwzeüx wkï `i AwaKvi iÿv Ki Z Ges fwel Zi Rb h_vh_fv e M o Zyj Z mnvqzv K i (Simeonsson, 2000 as cited in World Health Organization [WHO], 2012) WHO (2012) Abymv i, cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv ej Z cöwzeüx ev we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ wkï `i cöviw K ˆkk e wewfbœ mnvqzv `Iqv K evsvq GB ai bi mnvqzv cvwievwik, mvgvwrk, wpwkrmv, cybe vmb ( hgb, _ivwc; mnvqk hš ), wkÿv wewfbœ ÿ Î n Z cv i, hv evwo Z, ^v mev K `ª, cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv K `ª, cybe vmb K `ª, KwgDwbwU m Uv i Ges z j `qv h Z cv i Shonkoff and Hauser-Cram (1987) GK M elyvq cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzvi (Early Intervention) iæz Zz j a ib Ges wpwkrmk `i civgk `b hb Zviv we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ wkïi cwievi K cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzvi iæz e L v K ib I Gai bi mevi Rb idvi (Refer) K ib Avgv `i ` k DbœZ `k jvi g Zv wpwkrmv mev, cvwievwik civgk g~jk mev (Counselling), idvivj mvwf m bv _vkvq A bk wkïi cöwzeüxzv mwvk mg q wpwýz Kiv nq bv ev wpwýz n ji Zviv cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv cvq bv m ÿ Î Gai bi wkï `i Z_ Rvb Z, Zv `i kbv³ Ki Z cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv iæz c~y fzwgkv cvjb Ki Z cvi e e j Avkv Kiv hvq cövk-cöv_wgk z j wkï fwz n j Zvi Pvwn`v wbiƒcy, cvwievwik civgk g~jk mev (Counselling service), ^v mev I wkÿv mnvqzvmg~n G Íi _ KB wbwðz Kivi e e v bqv h Z cv i Dciš Acv ikbvj d«giqvk di wcö cövbgvwi GWz Kkb, 2008 Abymv i (MOPME, 2008) fwel Z 3-6 eq ii wkï `i K cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi AvIZvq Avbvi K_v ejv n q Q, hw`i ez gv b 5-6 eq ii wkï `i K cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv `Iqv n Q cöv_wgk wkÿvi AvIZvq 3-6 eq ii wkï `i jÿ `j wn m e wb j AviI Kg eq m wkïi cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv m e n e wkÿk cöwkÿy cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Í i GKxfZ wkÿv h_vh_fv e ev Íevqb Ki Z n j wkÿk cöwkÿ Yi iæz Acwimxg wewfbœ ai bi wkïi Pvwn`v wbiƒcy Ges mk ji Pvwn`v c~iy Ki Z cövk-cöv_wgk evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 55

58 we` vj qi wkÿ Ki cövmw½k Ávb I `ÿzv _vkv Avek K wewfbœ M elyv _ K `Lv hvq h, h_vh_ cöwkÿy bv _vk j wkÿkiv we kl Pvwn`v-m úbœ wkï `i K wkÿv`v bi ÿ Î AvZ wek^vmx nq bv ev Zviv P v j Äi m ylxb nq (Coutsocostas & Alborz, 2010; Hodkinson & Devarakonda, 2009) evsjv `k mikvi cöv_wgk wkÿv Í i GKxfZ wkÿv ev Íevq bi c` ÿc MÖnY Kivq A bk cöwzeüx wkï I cöv_wgk we` vj q cov jlvi my hvm cv Q cöwzeüx wkï `i g~j ªvZavivi we` vj q AšÍfz w³i nvi e w c ji Zv `i wklb-pvwn`v A bk ÿ ÎB c~iy n Q bv G wel q wkÿkiv g b K ib h, cöwzeüx wkÿv_x `i wklb-pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb Zv `i AviI cövmw½k cöwkÿ Yi cö qvrb i q Q (Johora, 2012) ZvQvov mv úªwzk K qkwu M elyvq `Lv M Q, ez gvb wkÿk cöwkÿy wkÿvµg, cöwkÿkmy, cövkwukvg we` vjq GLbI GKxfZ wkÿvi Dc hvmx K i ˆZwi Kiv nqwb (Ahsan, et. al, 2013, 2012, 2011) Kv RB cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv- Í i GKxfZ wkÿv ev Íevqb Ki Z n j wkÿk cöwkÿ Yi welqwu iæ Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv DwPZ G ÿ Î cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv- Í ii wkÿk `i GKxfZ wkÿvi cvkvcvwk mkj wkïi wekvk, ^v, cywó BZ vw` wel qi cöwkÿy cö`v bi D ` vm wb Z n e The Mapping of PPE report (DPE & UNICEF, 2012) Abymv i, 88,225 wu cövk-cöv_wgk m Uv ii g a 68, 200 wkÿ Ki cöwkÿy i q Q D³ wi cvu Abyhvqx, GmKj wkÿkiv GKw` bi Iwi q Ukb-mn gvu mvz w` bi cöwkÿy c q Q GWz Kkb Iqv Pi (CAMPE, 2013) GKwU M elyvq `Lv hvq h, cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv- Í i gvu 35.1% wkÿ Ki cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ici cöwkÿy i q Q D³ M elyv Abyhvqx, wewfbœ ai bi cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj qi g a mikvwi we` vj qi 53.8%, emikvwi we` vj qi 17. 8%, wk WviMv U b 6.5% Ges GbwRI we` vjq jvi 95.4% wkÿ Ki cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Ici cöwkÿy i q Q AZGe, mikvi K cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv- Í i ez gvb cöwkÿy Kg m~wp K AviI Rvi`vi Ki Z n e Ges cvkvcvwk GKxf Z wkÿv, wkïi wekvk, ^v, cywó BZ vw` wel qi cöwkÿy cö`v bi fwel r Kg cwikíbv MÖnY Ki Z n e AwffveK m ú ³KiY Kg m~wp (Parenting program) cövk-cöv_wgk Í ii wkÿvq wkïi cöviw K wekv ki iæz we epbvq i L wkïi wczv-gvzv ev AwffveK K wkïhzœ Kvh µg I cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi mv _ m ú ³ Kiv LyeB iæz c~y Evans (2006) AwffveK Ki œn I h Zœi iæz Zz j a i AwffveK K wkïhzœ I jvjb-cvj b m PZb I `ÿ K i Zzj Z AwffveK m ú ³KiY Kg m~wpi (Parenting program) bvbv w`k wb q Av jvpbv K i Qb gv qi Mf avi Yi mgq _ KB cö qvrbxq ^v mev, cywógvb wbwðz Ki Z AwffveK `i Ávb I `ÿzv e w Kiv Ges D³ mev cö`v bi Rb wewfbœ Kg m~wp MªnY Kiv `ikvi G ÿ Î cövkcöv_wgk we` vj qi wkÿk-awffvek m ú ³KiY Kg m~wpi GKRb dvkvj c q U wn m e `vwqz cvjb Ki Z cv ib m ÿ Î wkïi cöviw K hzœ hgb wbwðz n e Zgwb wbw` ó eq m wkï K cövkcöv_wgk we` vj q AšÍfz ³Ki Yi welqwui mnr n e 56 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

59 mycvwikgvjv I Dcmsnvi ch jvpbvi wfwë Z wb œwjwlz mycvwikmg~n evsjv ` ki cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq we epbvi AeKvk iv L-! cöviw K ˆkk e wkïi cöwzewüzv ev we kl Pvwn`v kbv³kiy I cöviw K mnvqzv cö`v bi Rb cö qvrbxq Kvh µg I `ÿ Rbkw³i cö wz iæ Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv! cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq GKxf Z wkÿv ev Íevq bi c` ÿc MÖnY Kiv! cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq me ai bi wkïi AskMÖn Yi Z_ - DcvË msmön Kiv! Mf _ K wkïi hz,œ v^ mev, cwy ógvb wbwðz Ki Z AwffveK m ú³ KiY Kgm w~ P MnÖ Y Kiv! evwo _ K cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj q Ges cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj qi _ K cöv_wgk we` vj q cö e ki Rb vbvšíi (Transition program) Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv hv Z wkïiv bzzb cwi e k mn R Lvc LvIqv Z cv i! h nzz mikvi Ges Gb.wR.I mg~n cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb KvR Ki Q, m nzz mikvi Ges Gb.wR.I-i g a mn hwmzvg~jk (collaboration) Kvh µg MªnY Kiv `ikvi! M elyvi wfwë Z Kg cwikíbv Mªn Yi Rb wek^we` vjq I zj ch v q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv wb q hš_ M elyv Kiv `ikvi evsjv ` ki cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh µg-mg~n K ch jvpbv Ki j `Lv hvq h GwU wkï `i wkÿvq AskMÖnY Ges Dbœq b h _ó fywgkv ivl Q Z e mkj wkïi GKwU YMZ cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq AskMÖnY wbwðz Ki Z n j GKxfZ wkÿv `k b ev Íevq bi Kvb wekí bb we klz, wkÿk cöwkÿy, cöviw K Dbœqb mnvqzv wbwðzki Yi Rb, wkï `i wklb-pvwn`v kbv³kiy cöf wz ÿ Î GKxfZ wkÿv `k b ev Íevq bi cö qvrbxqzv Acwimxg ch jvpbv _ K Av ikwu welq cözxqgvb nq h, cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi gva g RÛvi mgzv Avbqb I nz`wi`ª wkï `i wkÿvq AskMÖn Yi nvi evov bv m e n q Q Z e cöwzeüx wkï `i AskMÖn Yi welqwu GLbI h _ó iæ Z i mv _ we ewpz n Q bv Kv RB, GB ch jvpbvq D jøwlz mycvwikgvjv-mg~n hw` Avgv `i ` ki cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv ev Íevq bi ÿ Î iæ Z i mv _ we ewpz nq Z e Zv GKxfZ wkÿv ev Íevq bi gva g GKwU gvbm Z cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv wbwðz Ki Z cvi e e j Avkv Kiv hvq Dciš GB mvdj cöv_wgk wkÿvq mevi Rb wkÿvi jÿ AR bi avivevwnkzvq mdjfv e Ae`vb ivl e GUvB cöz vkv Z_ m~î! Avnmvb, gvt. Zv. (2010). GKxf Z wkÿv I RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2009t GKwU ch jvpbv I wkqz mycvwik, evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkx, 7(2), 55-65! AvRg, G. k., Avnmvb, gvt. Zv., Ges mvc`, gvt. Av. (2009). evsjv ` ki wøzxq cöv_wgk wkÿv Dbœqb Kg m~wp I GKxf Z wkÿv, evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkx, 6(2), 21-29! gwnjv I wkky welqk gš Yvjq (2013). wkkyi cöviw K hzœ I wekv ki mgwš^z bxwz XvKv, evsjv `k: gwnjv I wkky-welqk gš Yvjq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 57

60 ! wkÿv gš Yvjq. (2010). RvZxq wkÿvbxwz msmönxz 28 AvM, Ahsan, M. T., Deppeler, J., & Sharma, U. (2013). Predicting pre-service teachers preparedness for inclusive education: Bangladeshi pre-service teachers attitudes and perceived teaching-efficacy for inclusive education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 43 (4), DOI: / X ! Ahsan, M. T., Sharma, U., Deppeler, J. (2012) Challenges to prepare pre-service teachers for inclusive education in Bangladesh: beliefs of higher educational institutional heads. Asia Pacific Journal of Education (APJE), 32 (2); Available at: DOI: / ! Ahsan, M. T., Sharma, U., Deppeler, J. (2011). Beliefs of pre-service teacher education institutional heads about inclusive education in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Education Journal, 10 (1), Available at: Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2) ! CAMPE (2013). Preliminary findings of education watch 2013state of pre-primary education in Bangladesh. Power point presentation by CAMPE in BRAC centre, Dhaka on 14 December 2013, CAMPE.! Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th Ed.). London: Routledge.! Coutsocostas, G.,& Alborz, A. (2010). Greek Mainstream secondary school teachers perceptions of inclusive education and of having pupils with complex learning disabilities in the classroom/school, European Journal of Special Needs Education, 25(2), ! Directorate of Primary Education [DPE]. (2009). All our children: report on the Second Primary Education Development Program (PEDP-II). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Project Management Unit, PEDP-II. Retrieved April 15, 2011, from DPE (2012a).Bangladesh primary education: annual sector performance report ( A S P R ). R e t r i e v e d A u g u s t 2 0, f r o m DPE (2012b). Pre primary education expansion plan. Dhaka: DPE.! DPE & UNICEF (2012). Mapping of pre-primary education in Bangladesh. Dhaka: DPE.! DPE (2013). Administrative data. Unpublished administrative database of DPE; Dhaka: DPE.! Evans, J. L. (2006). Parenting programmes: an important ECD intervention strategy. Retrieved August 25, 2014 from Hodkinson, A.,& Devarakonda, C. (2009). Conception of inclusion and inclusive education: a critical examination of the perspectives and practices of teachers in India. Research in Education, 82, ! Johora, F. T. (2012). Inclusive education In bangladesh: attitudes and concerns of school head teachers (Unpublished master s thesis). Flinders University, Australia.! MOPME. (2008). Operational Framework for Pre-Primary Education.Dhaka,Bangladesh: MOPME. 58 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

61 ! MOE. (2013). Proposed Draft Education Act Bangladesh: MOE.! MOP & UNICEF (2009). Multiple indicator cluster survey Dhaka: BBS.! Salend, S. J. (2008). Creating inclusive classrooms: effective and reflective practices (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.! Shonkoff, J. P. & Hauser-Cram, P. (1987). Early intervention for disable infants and their families: A quantitative analysis. Pediatrics, 80(5) ! The World Bank. (2011). Project appraisal document for Third Primary Education Development Program.! UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar framework for action. Paris: UNESCO.! UNESCO. (2013). National EFA 2015 reviews Guidelines. Paris: UNESCO.! World Health Organization. (2012). Early childhood development and disability: a discussion paper. evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 59

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